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1、Postgraduate books recommended by Degree Management and Postgraduate Education Bureau,Ministry of EducationMedical Statistics(the 2nd edition),Arrangement:total 72 class hours,two classes each week,chapter 1 Introduction Key definitions the steps for medical statistics Brief history of Statistics,St
2、atisticsThe science for data collection,sorting,and analysis.,Definition：the science that study the collection,sorting and analysis of medical data.Characteristics：1、Using the quantity to reflect the quality 2、Using chance events(uncertainty)to reflect the inevitability(rules),Medical Statistics,Lea
3、rning objectives：1、Basic principles and methods of Statistics（Learning Emphasis）2、Application Statistics(Clinical Medicine,Preventive Medicine,and Health Care Management),Medical Statistics,Purpose：a tool for medical researchEmphasis:statistical indicators used for calculating or comparing the quant
4、itative characteristics of populationExample:health expectation infant mortality,Medical Statistics,Section 1.Key definitions,variable,individual,sample and population,individual（observatory unit）：the basic unit in statistical research,it depends on the purpose.variable（indicator）：individual charact
5、eristics examples:height、weight、gender、blood type、treatment effect etc.,Variable value：the value of variablesExamples:height 1.65 meters weight 52 kggender female blood type“O”laboratory test negative treatment effect betterData:composed of a lot of variable values.Example:Data for blood glucose,hom
6、ogeneity：common characteristics for the given individuals example：the heights of the boys with the age of 7 living in Changsha 2004 variation:difference existing among the variable values of homogeneity individuals example:the different heights of the boys with the age of 7 living in Changsha 2004,D
7、efinition：the whole homogeneity individuals determined by specific purpose.example：all the heights of boys at 7 that lived in Changsha 2004 finite population：the space,time and population for a specific population have been limited.infinite population：no time and space limits for the population.Such
8、 populations only exist in imagination,so it is called infinite population.,population,definition：the set of variable values of some individuals sampled from the population at random.Example:the heights of 200 boys at 7 from Changsha.,sample,Sampling study,Sample information(statistic),Population ch
9、aracteristics（parameter）,inference,note：sampling is only the way to get information,inferring the population is our purpose,、variable and data,measurement data:it is also called as quantitative or numerical data.Its value is quantitative.Measurement data always has measurement units.example：height d
10、ata,weight data,enumeration data:qualitative or count data.For such data,it needs to classify the observation units before and count them.Its value appear different characteristics and sorts.,Binomial:gender,live or death,yes or no.Multiple：blood type,A、B、O、AB.,ranked data:ordinal or semi-quantitati
11、ve data.It need to classify observatory units into different classes according the extent before calculate the frequencies of each groups.There exists obvious differences among different classes.example:to evaluate the treatment effect of one drug on heart failure,we use the indicator(cured,better,w
12、orsen,dead)to assess the treatment effect.Choosing of statistical methods depends on the data type to a great extent。,Data transformation,example：WBC（1/m3）count of five persons：3000 6000 5000 8000 12000 quantitative variablelower normal normal normal higher qualitative variable Binomial data:normal
13、3 persons;abnormal 2 personsMultiple category data:lower 1 person;normal;3 persons;higher 1 person,error,definition：the difference between measurement value and true value.1、rand error：unstable and changing at random errors that caused by uncontrolled factors.Commonly,rand errors are referred to tho
14、se errors appearing during repeated measurements and sampling.Often,measurement error is extremely lower than sampling error.In Statistics,sampling error is the main study contents.,2.Nonrandom error is divided into systematic error and non systematic error:Systematic error:it is produced in experim
15、ent and keeps constant or changes according certain rules.Usually,its reasons are known and controllable.Nonsystematic error（gross error）:it is always caused by obvious grosses.,、frequency and probability,1Frequency Given the same condition,repeat a trial for n times independently.Among n trials,A a
16、ppears for m times，so the ratio of m/n is called the frequency of random event A among n trials.,2probability:the likelihood of random events.Given the same condition,repeat a trial for n times independently.Among n trials,A appears for times，so the ratio of is called the frequency of random event A
17、.As n increases gradually,the frequency will approach a constant.The constant is called the probability of random event A and expressed in.In common,it is abbreviated as.,Range：,Frequency is used to describe the sample,while the probability for the population.m/n is the estimation of.As trials incre
18、ases,the estimation value is more reliable.,small probability event:Because the conclusions are made based on a certain significance level,statisticians always select as judge criterion.So such events with are called small probability events.It means that such events happen rarely and can be regarde
19、d as nonoccurrence.,Section 2 the steps for statistical work,Here,it means statistical design,the most important factor for a successful research.It involves the arrangements for the process of data collection,sorting and analysis.,design,3control,Three principles for experiment design,1randomizatio
20、n,2.Replication,objective：to gather accurate and reliable raw data data sources：statistical reporting routine records purposive surveys or experiments statistical yearbook and special data bookrequirements：1、randomization 2、sufficient sample size,Data collection,Data sorting,It is the process that c
21、leans and systematizes raw data.Data sorting prepares the required data for next step,data analysis.,Data/statistical analysis,objective：to illustrate the rules hidden in the data.It includes two aspects:1.statistical description：it is the process of describing the characteristics of data using statistical indicators,statistical charts and statistical tables.2.statistical inference：the process of using sample statistic to infer population parameter.It consists of:parameter estimation and hypothesis testing.,Thanks!,
