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1、INTERNATIONAL TRADE PRACTICE,Chapter OneGeneral Introduction,A：key terms,international payment and settlementUneven distribution comparative advantage labor intensive economy market share economies of scale cost advantage supplying country,1.国际收支与结算 2.不均衡分配 3.比较优势 4.劳动密集型经济 5.市场份额6.规模经济 7.成本优势 8.供给国
2、,B：key terms,Demanding country bewilder11.hamper12.Foreign currency13.Exchange rate14.Target market15.Chinese embassy16.Creditability 17.Export license 18.quota,9.需求国10.使迷惑、使难住11.妨碍、阻止12.外币13.汇率14.目标市场15.中国大使馆16.可信性 17.出口许可证18.定量、配额,C：key terms,19.Barter trade20.Credit reference 21.Direct transit tr
3、ade22.Commodity inspection 23.Customs clearance24.Documentation25.Entrepot trade26.Comparative advantage27.Direct trade28.Domestic trade29.Export license,19.易货贸易、实物贸易 20.资信证明 21.直接过境贸易22.商检 23.清关、结关24.文件整理25.转口贸易26.比较优势、相对优势27.直接贸易28.国内贸易29.出口许可证,D：key terms,30.General trade31.International trade 32
4、.Special trade33.Export trade34.Indirect trade35.Invisible trade36.Transit trade37.free-liquidation trade38.Import procedures39.Indirect transit trade40.Visible trade,30.一般贸易31.国际贸易32.特殊贸易33.出口贸易34.间接贸易35.无形贸易36.过境贸易37.自由结算贸易38.进口程序39.间接过境贸易40.有形贸易,1.1 Concept of international trade,International tr
5、ade/world trade/foreign trade/overseas tradeThe fair and deliberate exchange of goods and services across national boundaries.Concerning trade operations of both import and export Including the purchase and sale of both visible and invisible goods.,1.2 Reasons for international trade,Resource reason
6、sNatural resourcesHuman resourcesTechnologyEconomic reasonsBenefitsComparative advantage(David Ricardo)Economies of scaleOther reasons,1.3 Differences from domestic trade,Deals transacted in foreign languages and Cultural differences Under foreign laws,customs and regulations or international rulesF
7、oreign currency is used,therefore easily influenced by the fluctuation of foreign exchange rate,interest rate,etc.Higher risks:Political risks,Commercial risks,Financial risks,Transportation risksMore complex business procedures therefore managers need a broader range of management skills,1.4 Export
8、 Procedures,返回,Two forms of business negotiation:in words,i.e.face-to-face negotiation or negotiation through telephonein writing,i.e.business correspondence which includes letters,faxes,e-mails,telex,etc.four main steps involved:enquiry,offer,counter-offer and acceptance.A trade contract is an agre
9、ement which is concluded between seller and buyer based on an accepted offer and which sets forth biding obligations of the parties concerned.subject to United Nations Convention on Contracts for International Sale of Goods(CISG)a contract can be formal,informal,simple or complicated,written or oral
10、.,1.5About the negotiation:,1.5.2 About the sales contract,Contract:also named confirmation a sales contract/confirmation vs.a purchase contract/confirmationA contract is more formal and contains more details than a confirmation but equally binding on the parties concerned A sales contract normally
11、includes:(see Specimen 1.1-1.2)full name,address and other necessary information of the seller and the buyerdescription of the commodity involved,including name,quality,quantity and packaging etc.all terms agreed upon,including price,delivery,transportation,insurance,payment,inspection,claims,force
12、majeure,arbitration,etc.date on and place at which the contract is signed and the signature of the buyer and the sellerImportance of a written contract it is the only document between S and B that evidences their respective rights and obligations.It serves as the basis for the performance of the con
13、tract and also the settlement of disputes.,International trade is also known as world trade,foreign trade,overseas trade.etc.,Back,1:What is international trade?,It refers to the process of fair and deliberate exchange of goods or services between two or more countries,involving the use of more curr
14、encies,besides,international trade concerns trade operations of both import and export and includes the purchases and sale of both visible and invisible goods.,返回,1.6 Exercises,2：Explain the differences between international trade and domestic trade.International trade differs from domestic trade in
15、 that it involves activities that take place across national borders,and therefore invariably subject to the political,social,economic and environmental polices of nations.In particular,intrnational trade is more subject to,返回,1.6 Exercises,2：Explain the differences between international trade and d
16、omestic trade.language habits,meaning and cultural differences,Foreign laws,customs and regulations or international ruleExchange rate fluctuations,Higher level of political,financial,and transportation risksDifficulty in getting necessary information of a particular firm in a foreign countryComplex
17、ity in control and communication systems,and Difficulty in monitoring trends and activities in foreign countries.,返回,1.6 Exercises,3:why do nations conduct trade with one another?A nation conducts international trade because:It has the products and resources that exceed its domestic demandIt wants t
18、o get more economic benefits in a larger international market than what can be gained in domestic marketIt wants to win political supportIt needs to satisfy different tastes,preferences and consumption patterns among its people,返回,1.6 Exercises,4:what are the major benefits that result through inter
19、national trading?Create more job opportunities and gain more market share,which helps develop its economy and raise the living standard of its peopleBuy certain goods or services of the same quality or higher quality at lower prices,which enables the consumers to enjoy goods at much lower price,and
20、Provide a wider variety of products for its consumers and thus help to improve the living standards of its people,返回,1.6 Exercises,what are the procedures for both import and export trade?Generally speaking,form the beginning to the end of an import or export transaction,the whole operation undergoe
21、s four stages,namely the preparation of a transaction,the negotiation of the contract,the performance of the contract and finally the settlement of disputes.,返回,1.6 Exercises,How many forms are adopted in the process of negotiation?Business negotiations can be conduct in two forms:in words and in wr
22、iting.Whatever is chosen for the negotiation of a contract,four main steps are generally folled before a contract is concluded:enquiry,offer,counter-offer and acceptance.,1:According to the direction of cargo flow,international trade can be classified into _and _.,import trade,.2:There are three par
23、ties involved in indirect trade,namely_,_,and _,上一页,下一页,Back,Export trade,The exporter,The importer,The intermediate party,3:visible trade is also called _while another name for invisible trade is _.,Tangible goods trade,.4:international trade is different from domestic trade in that it is largely i
24、nfluenced by _,_,_,and _ policies introduced by nations from time to time.,上一页,下一页,Back,intangible goods trade,political,economical,social,enviromental,5:Apart from resource reasons,_ and _ are also reasons for a nation to trade with other nations in the world.,Political reasons,.6:Despite the diffe
25、rences between exporting and importing trade,international trade procedures always fall into three main parts:_,_ and _.,上一页,下一页,Back,economic reasons,the preparation of a transaction,The negotiation of the contract,The implementation of the contract,7.negotiations in international trade are conduct
26、ed in two forms:_ negotiation and _ negotiation,in words,8:while booking the shipping space,the shipper needs to fill out _.However,if he delivers the goods to the carrier for shipment,he will receive _ or _form the carrier.Finally,if the shipment is finished,the document he will get from the carrie
27、r is _.,上一页,下一页,Back,in writing,shipping note装货通知单,mates receipt收货单、大副收据,shipping advice 发货通知书,the bill of lading提单,9:one of the possible consequences resulted from the exporters failure in presenting to the negotiating bank the documents needed is that _,.10:the goods are allowed to be loaded for s
28、hipment_ they are cleared for export,上一页,下一页,Back,Being refused of the proceeds payment,after,Example of comparative advantage,Two men live alone on an isolated island.To survive they must undertake a few basic economic activities like water carrying,fishing,cooking and shelter construction and main
29、tenance.The first man is young,strong,and educated.He is also,faster,better,more productive at everything.He has an absolute advantage in all activities.The second man is old,weak,and uneducated.He has an absolute disadvantage in all economic activities.In some activities the difference between the
30、two is great;in others it is small.,Despite the fact that the younger man has absolute advantage in all activities,it is not in the interest of either of them to work in isolation since they both can benefit from specialization and exchange.If the two men divide the work according to comparative adv
31、antage then the young man will specialize in tasks at which he is most productive,while the older man will concentrate on tasks where his productivity is only a little less than that of the young man.Such an arrangement will increase total production for a given amount of labor supplied by both men and it will benefit both of them,Example,
