《考研英语长难句.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《考研英语长难句.ppt（83页珍藏版）》请在课桌文档上搜索。
1、长难句,文章特点：三个特色在内容上，分为三大类别：科学即自然科学：出题不多，主要涉及医学、生物学，科学史等社会科学：强调时效性人文科学：出题不多，主要涉及文学评论、杂文、散文、essay等,在题材上，大纲要求四类文章：议论文、说明文、记叙文、应用文从历年真题上看，出题以议论文和说明文为主在语言文化上，以美国英语和文化为主,大纲对于阅读理解的基本要求 阅读速度：每分钟60个英文单词（要求进行close reading精细阅读）理解文章主旨要意 理解文章具体信息（要求理解长难句）理解文章的概念性含义（concept）,能进行相关的判断、推理和引申（imply infer 推理题的答案为原文概念的转
2、述）能根据上下文推测生词的词意 理解文章的总体结构 理解作者的意图、观点和态度 能够区分论点和论据,如何攻克长难句：剖析其结构、总结其特征、推敲其译文。,长难句基本类型并列平行结构分割结构省略倒装句定语从句,1 并列平行结构,英语句子最常用的方法是通过使用一些关联词，如 and、or等，或标点符号如：分号，逗号，破折号等，若干个在语义上有联系或相互照应的单词、词组或子句连在一起组成一种并列或平行结构的长句，以表达一个复杂的多层次含义。,e.g.First,by attempting to present data and argue for an interpretation,scientis
3、ts have to spell out clearly what the data are,what the explanation is,and what the reasons are for believing the explanation.,首先，科学家在试图公开资料并对资料的解释进行论证时，必须清楚地说明资料是什么，资料要如何解释以及相信这种解释的原因。,e.g.Information systems affect the scope and quality of health care,make social services more equitable,enhance pe
4、rsonal comfort,provide a greater measure of safety and mobility,and extend the variety of leisure forms at ones disposal.,信息系统可扩展健康保健的范围，提高卫生保健的质量，使社会服务变得更公平合理，使个人生活更加舒适，为人们提供更大程度的安全，更多的流动机会，并能使人们按自己的意愿增加休闲方式。,Many workers stay at jobs they are too old for rather than face possible rejection.许多工人宁愿守
5、着因自己年老已不适合的工作，而不愿意去面对（再找工作时）可能会遇到的拒绝.,But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowered,that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered.可是，我们更痛苦的回忆是，我们没有看见鲜花怒放时的美丽，没有在别人对我们施以爱之时也以爱回报。,And neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most an
6、imals are harmless,that thousands of travelers fly safely every day,and millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day.,朋友们及家庭成员都无法说服恐惧症患者，使他们相信：多数动物对人无害，数以千计的旅行者每日都安全的飞行，数百万的人每天都安全地乘好几次电梯。,Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals,and in doing so ensured thei
7、r survival,by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.,Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals,and in doing so ensured their survival,by the ability to observe and underst
8、and their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.,人类已把自己和其他动物区别开了。人类具有观察和了解周围环境的能力，能适应环境，控制环境和根据自己的需要改造环境。人类就是这样生存了下来。,2分割结构,分割结构就是指把英语句子中原来属于一个整体的句子成分分割开,一部分留在句子的原来位置,另一部分远离原来位置。,常见的分割结构形式有同位语或同位语从句与先行词的分割,定语或and定语从句与先行词的分割,主语与谓语的分割,谓语
9、与宾语的分割。使用分割结构的目的是使语句结构平衡,避免头重脚轻,或者为了使表达的主题思想更加突出醒目,读起来更通顺流畅。,An unusual present was given to him for his birthday,a book on ethics.,After Galileos work the feeling grew that there were universal laws governing the motion of bodies and that these laws might apply to motion in the heavens as well as o
10、n earth.在伽利略著作之后,这样的认识加强了,即认为存在着支配物体运动的普遍规律,这些规律不仅支配着地球上的也支配着天体上的物体的运动。,英语的分隔应遵循尾重原则和句尾信息焦点原则。,Such a viewpoint,particularly prominent in the developing countries,is reinforced by the widely-held belief that it is not the peaceful application of nuclear energy that is endangering the survival of man
11、kind.这种在发展中国家显得尤为突出的观点被一种广泛持有的信念所加强,即并非和平利用核能正危害着人类的生存。,No girl should marry a man whose last name has the same initial as hers,for,as the rhyme goes,Change the name but not the letter,marry for worse instead of better.姑娘不该嫁给与自己的姓的首字母相同的人,因为正如一首童谣所说：改姓不改首字母,婚后必将受其苦。,Nor,if regularity and conformity
12、to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect,is management to be blamed for discriminating against the odd balls among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team.,假如像学术论文反映的那样,科学家们期望看到与某种标准模式符合的规律性和一致
13、性。那么,如果管理者们歧视研究者中的怪杰,而喜欢善于合作的较常规思维的人,这也是无可指责的。,I have discovered,as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress,that abandoning the doctrine of juggling your life,and making the alternative move into downshifting brings with it far
14、greater rewards than financial success and social status.,我发觉,放弃那种日夜操劳的生活信念而选择放慢生活的节奏会带来比金钱和社会地位更大的回报。凯尔西在长期经受巨大压力后,从惹人注目的女性杂志编辑部退出之后,恐怕她也将与我有同样的感觉。,Such an outcome,if it happens,could cause a political controversy;or it could lead to more power being transferred to the EU in the worst possible circ
15、umstances,namely when the Union is deeply unpopular.,这种结果一旦产生,就可能引起政治上的争吵；在最糟糕的情况下,即在欧盟很不得人心的时候,也可能使更多的权利落到欧盟手中。,That fact,let alone the current division between the 11 euro countries and the four,led by Britain,that have not joined,is likely to mean that the Union should become a multi-system entit
16、y,with some countries signing up to everything and others choosing only some things.,这一事实可能意味着欧盟将成为一个多体系的实体,其中一些国家对每一件事都表示赞同,而另一些则不尽然；更不用说以英国为首的尚未加入欧洲统一货币体系的四国和已经 加入这一体系的十一个欧元国家之间目前已存在的分歧了。,This trend began during the Second World War,when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific
17、 demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.,这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府得出这样的结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。,Observations were made of the children at the beginning and at the end of preschool and first grade.人们对孩子们在学前班和小学一年级开始时和结束时的情况都
18、曾进行过观察。,I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of having it all,preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine,into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.,我从一个全力以赴的生活哲学-在过去七年里林达凯尔西一直在女性杂志鼓吹这种生活方式-的积极倡导者,一改而成为随遇而安的女人.,3省略,文
19、章要做到简洁,省略法(Ellipsis)是必用的。英语句子中的某些成分因上下文已提供了充分明确的信息而不必出现,或前面已出现的某些成分,为了避免不必要的重复,可以不再出现而不致引起误解或歧义,这种语言现象就叫作省略。,Glad to see you.London is on the Themes,and Paris on the Seine.,The transcription needs a certain amount of editing,as even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar so
20、unds such as write and right,it is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary.,译稿需要一定量的编辑工作,因为,即使计算机能够区别同音异义词,如 write和right,它仍不可能把这项工作做得像有思维能力的秘书那样好。,If a needle is thrown at random on a sheet of paper ruled with lines whose distance apart is exactly equal to the length of
21、 the needle,how often can it be expected to fall on a line and how often into a blank space?,如果把一根针随机地投到一张纸上,纸上画了许多平行线,它们之间的间隔等于针的长度,那么针落在线上的几率是多少？落在空白处的几率又是多少？,As families move away from their stable community,their friends of many years,their extended family relationships,the informal flow of info
22、rmation is cut off,and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.,随着家庭成员与他们稳定的社区、多年的老友和大家庭的亲属关系相分离,非正式的信息渠道被切断了,而那种在需要时就能得到真实可靠信息的信心也丢失了。,It is quite unnerving not to be able to see or to establish contact with the other person,even th
23、ough we have learnt to have conversations with people we cannot see,as on the telephone.即使我们适应了像打电话一样在互相看不见的情况下谈话,这种看不见或接触不到对方的谈话也会使人感到很不自在。,Actually we know of no type of astronomical body in which the conditions can be favorable to life except planets like our own revolving round a sun.,事实上,除了像地球这
24、样围绕太阳旋转的行星以外,我们不知道是否在其他类型的天体上也有适合生命存在的条件。,The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high mar
25、riage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers.,20世纪已婚女性走出家门参加工作人数的增加主要是因为她们自己的经济需要,还与高结婚率使可参加工作的单身女工人数减少有关,而与家务机械化、妇女空闲时间增多关系不大。,倒装句,从形式上分,倒装有两种：全部倒装(Full Inversion)和部分倒装(Partial Inversion)。谓语动词全部位于主语之前的称作全部倒装,例如：In front of me stood a boy.(我面前站着一个男孩。)只将谓语动词的一部分(通常是助动词或情态动词)放在主语
26、之前的称作部分倒装,例如：Only in this way can we do it better.(只有这样,我们才能做得更好一些。),从使用目的区分,倒装也有两种情况,即语法倒装(Grammatical Inversion)和修辞倒装(Rhetorical Inversion)。,语法倒装是由于语法规则的要求而必须进行的倒装,例如：Who called me just now?(刚才谁打电话给我?)修辞倒装是出于修辞的需要而把正常语序转为倒装语序,例如：Out rushed the children.(孩子们冲了出去。),倒装的原因疑问、命令、惊叹、假设、平衡、衔接、点题(signpost
27、)、否定和韵律(metrical).,Jack London poured into his writings all the pain of his life,the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in him,and the conviction it had brought to him that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of
28、society out of the hands of the exploiters.,杰克伦敦在作品中倾注了他一生中所遭受过的一切痛苦,倾诉了这种痛苦在他心中产生的对资产阶级的刻骨仇恨以及由此产生的这样的信念：如果被剥削者起来反抗,从剥削者手中夺回社会管理权,那么世界就会变成一个人人有好日子过的地方。,Along with them goes social mobility,ambition to rise in the urban world,a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth cent
29、ury.伴随他们而来的是社会的流动性,人们强烈地希望在城市里发展,这是19世纪欧洲出生率下降的主要因素。,For example,they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.,例如,它们并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此,它们说明不了一个物质条件差的年轻人,如果在较好的环境下成长,会有多大的才干
30、。,Only after studies provided evidence of the harmful effects of such programs has it been possible to modify TV programming policies.只有大量调研提供出证据表明此类节目产生不良影响后,电视节目审查政策才有可能改变。,Unpopular as red has been in the past at the moment it is a favorite hair style.虽然过去红色不受欢迎,眼下红色染发剂却备受青睐。,Lonely was seeing hi
31、s daughter only twice a week since the divorce.他只是觉得离婚后每周只能看女儿两次让他感到孤独。,So perilous was this one that he was the only security officer on the site.做现场惟一的保安官员,这差使还真有点危险。,So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given a bonus.,In front of me stood the essential tools of the intellig
32、ence officers trade-a desk,two telephones,one scrambled（改变频率使不被窃听）for outside calls,and to one side a large green metal safe with an oversized combination lock on the front.,展现在我面前的是情报官员这一行的基本用具-一张写字台、两部电话,其中一部是变频加密外线电话,在我旁边是一个大型的绿色金属保险柜,其正面有一把特大号复合密码锁,5、定语从句,英语和汉语中的定语有很大的不同。汉语中定语只能前置,而英语中定语既可前置也可后置
33、。,As far as the third factor is concerned,the history of science shows many instances in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful resistance to further investigation;in some cases centuries elapsed before this resistance was eventually broken
34、down,as happened in cosmology,for example.,至于第三个因素,科学史中有许多事例表明,权威的力量起到这样一种作用：它给进一步的研究设置了一道极其牢固的障碍；在许多情况下,要花上几个世纪的时间才能最终打破这道障碍。例如,在宇宙学中就发生过这样的事。,Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses
35、 will experience greater intellectual development.,行为主义者的看法是,如果一个儿童在有许多刺激因素的环境里长大,而这些刺激因素能够开发其相应的反映能力,那么这个儿童将会有更好的智力发展。,I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrial
36、ism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of love and of reason-are the aims of all social arrangements.,我建议把我们的社会制度从以最大限度的生产和最大限度的消费为目的的官僚主义管理下的产业体制转变为一个充分发挥人的潜能-即爱和理智的潜能-为其全部社会工作之目的的人道主义产业体制。,President Kennedy wanted people who raised questions,who criticized,on whose judgm
37、ent he could rely,who presented an intelligent point of view,regardless of their rank or viewpoint.,肯尼迪总统需要提问题的人、能提批评意见的人、做出可靠判断的人以及能提出明智看法的人,而不问他们的级别和观点。,Smart cards,which can carry as much as 80 times more information on them than conventional cards with a magnetic stripe,are already widely used i
38、n European countries where centralized banks can roll out new services on a nationwide basis.,智能卡载有的信息量是普通磁卡信息载量的80多倍,已经在欧洲各国广泛使用,因而使欧洲各国中央银行得以在全国范围展开新型的服务。,How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used
39、and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.,预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实,这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性,还取决于用来解释预测的技巧和智慧。,Thus,to rectify the positions taken previously,where we contented ourselves with condemnations,in my delegations opinion,we must find an overall solution which would come to grips with both the substance as well as the superficial aspects which,after all,serve only to compel us to keep this problem constantly on the Security Councils agendas.,因此,我们代表团认为,要纠正我们过去采取的只是满足于进行谴责的那种立场,我们必须寻求一个全面的解决方法,既能解决本质方面的问题,又能解决应对表面的问题,因为仅解决表面问题毕竟只能迫使我们一次又一次地把这个问题列入安理会的议程。,
