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1、托福作文写作范文详解ReadingLargenumbersofdinosaurfossilshavebeendiscoveredindepositsonAlaskasNorthSlopezaregionthattodayexperiencesanextremelycoldzarcticclimate.OnehundredmillionyearsagozwhenthosedinosaurswerealiveztheenvironmentoftheNorthSlopewasalreadyinhospitable,especiallyduringthewinterwhenitexperienceds
2、everalmonthsoftotaldarkness.Howdidthedinosaurssurvivethewintertime?PaleontologistshaveproposedthatoneofthemostcommonNorthSlopedinosaurs,theelephant-sizededmontosaur(Edmontosaurus)zsurvivedthewinterbymigratingsouthtomorehospitableregions.Severalargumentssupportthemigrationhypothesis.Firstztheedmontos
3、aur1sdietsupportsthemigrationhypothesis.Edmontosaursfedexclusivelyonplants.SincetherewouldhavebeennoplantsgrowingduringthecoldanddarkNorthslopewinter,itappearsthattheedmontosaurmusthaveleftforatleastpartoftheyearandmigratedtomoretemperatezonestofindfood.Secondzmanyedmontosaurskeletonshavebeenunearth
4、edfromthesamesite.Thissuggeststhatedmontosaurslivedinherd.Manymodern-daymigratoryanimals,suchascaribouandbuffalozliveandmigrateinherdsaswell.Movinginherdshelpsanimalscoordinatetheirmigration.Thefindingthatedmonotsaurslivedinherdsfurthersupportsthemigrationhypothesis.Finally,ednonosaurswerephysically
5、capableofmigratinglongdistances.Toreachmorehospitableregion,theedmontosaurhadtomigrateaboutlz600kilometerssouthward.Tomakesuchajourney,theedmontosaurneededtomoveataboutfivekilometersperhourforseveralweeks,whichiscertainlycoulddo.Theseanimalscouldrunveryfast,reachingspeedsupto45kilometersperhour.Itco
6、uldhaveeasilyuseditslocomotivepowertomovetowarmerclimateduringtheharsharcticwinters.ListeningThehypothesesthattheEdmontosaurmigratedeverywinterisnotConvincing.FirstztheEdmontosaurdidnothavetomigratetofindfood.OnehundredmillionyearsagozthesummertemperaturesintheNorthSlopeareawerewarmerthantheyaretoda
7、y.Andremember,inarcticregionsliketheNorthSlope,thesunshines24hoursadayatthepeakofthesummer.Thewarmtemperaturesandextensivedaylightcreatedincrediblygoodgrowingconditionsforplants,somuchvegetationwasproducedduringthesummerthatwhenthevegetationdiedasthewintercame,therewasalotofnutritiousdeadvegetationa
8、roundinthewinter.TheEdmontosaurcouldhaveeasilylivedonthedeadplantmatterduringthewinter.SecondJustbecauseofEdmontosaurlivedinherdsdoesntmeantheymigrated.Animalsliveinherdsformanyotherreasons.Livinginherds,forexample,providesanimalswithextraprotectionfrompredators.Havingextraprotectionisusefulevenfort
9、heanimalsthatliveinthesameareathewholeyearround.AmodernexampleofthisistheRooseveltelk-alargeplant-eater.RooseveltelksliveintheforestsofthewesternUnitedStates.Theyliveinherdsbuttheydonotmigrate.Third,althoughadultEdmontosauruswerecapableofmigratinglongdistances,whataboutEdmontosaurusthatwerenotyetadu
10、lts?JuvenileEdmontosauruswerenotphysicallycapableoftravelingthegreatdistancesrequiredtoreachwarmerterritoriesandwouldhaveslowedtheherdssomuchthattheherdsneverwouldhavemadeittoitsdestination.Theherdcouldnothaveleftthejuvenilesbehindbecausethejuvenileswouldnothavesurvivedontheirown.Sothewholeherdhadto
11、staywheretheywereandsurvivethecoldNorthSlope.一、阅读听力要点概括ReadingPassageEdmontosaur(Edmontosaurus)zsurvivedthewinterbymigratingsouthtomorehospitableregions.1. EdmontosaursfedexclusivelyonplantswhichcannotfindinthecoldanddarkNorthslopewinter,2. Manyedmontosaurskeletonshavebeenunearthedfromthesamesite,wh
12、ichsuggeststhatedmontosaurslivedinherd.3. Ednonosaurswerephysicallycapableofmigratinglongdistances.LectureEdmontosaurmigratedeverywinterisnotconvincing.1. EdmontosaurdidnothavetomigratetofindfoodbecauseofonehundredmillionyearsagothesummertemperaturesintheNorthSlopeareawerewarmerthantheyaretoday.2. A
13、nimalslivedinherdsformanyotherreasons.Forexample,providesanimalsextraprotectionfrompredators.3. Juvenileedmontosaurwerenotphysicallycapableoftravellingingreatdistancesrequiredtoreachwarmerterritoriesandwouldhaveslowedtheherdssomuchthattheherdneverwouldhavemadetoitsdestination.二、范文逐段赏析Paragraph1Inthe
14、readingmaterial,theauthorarguesthatEdmontosaurusmigratedtothesouthernpartinordertosurvivethecoldweatherintheNorthSlope.Thelecturer,however,reputesthatitisnotconvincingatallforthefollowingthreereasons.此段功能在文章首段，总结了阅读材料中的主要观点，即Edmontosaurus移民到南部是为了在NorthSlope的寒冷气候下生存。然而演讲者提出三点反驳意见，并为下文论证做好铺垫。此段结构此段为并列
15、结构，分别指出了阅读材料和演讲的观点。Paragraph2FirstofallzthepassagepointsoutthatEdmontosaurusfedonplantsexclusivelyanditwasdifficultforthemtofindfoodincoldwinter.Yetthespeakerarguesthatwarmweatherinsummerprovidedperfectconditionforplantstogrow.SoEdmontosaurusmighthavefoundlotsofnutritiousdeadvegetationaroundduringth
16、ewinter,whichmademigrationunnecessary.此段功能本段提出第一个矛盾点,先陈述了文章的观点，即Edmontosaurus很难在寒冷的冬天找到食物。然而演讲者指出，夏天植物很好生长，冬天Edmontosaurus也可以在腐烂的蔬菜里找到很多营养，因此没有移居。此段结构此段为并列结构，分别陈述了阅读材料和演讲的观点。Paragraph3SecondzunearthedskeletonsfromthesamesiteindicatedthatEdmontosauruslivedinherds.Livinginherdsmademigrationmucheasy.Bu
17、tthelecturergivesanexampleofRooseveltelkstoprovethatgrouplivingmighthavevarioustypesofreasons.SoEdmontosaurusmayliveinherdsinordertoseekforextraprotection.Solivinginherdscouldnotprovideevidenceformigrationclaim.此段功能本段提出第二个矛盾点。在同一地点尚未挖掘的骨架证明EdmontOSaUrUS是游牧居住，而游牧居住更有利于移居。而演讲者给出了Rooseveltelks的例子说明群居不一
18、定更方面移居，也有可能是为了寻求保护。此段结构此段为并列结构，分别陈述了阅读材料和演讲的观点。Paragraph4LastlyzEdmontosaurus,inviewofthewriter,hadtheabilityoflongdistancemovement.AlthoughthelectureradmitsthelocomotivecapabilityofEdmontosaurusrhepointsoutthatjuvenileEdmontosauruslackedsuchability.SotheherdwouldnotIeavejuvenilesbehindintheNorthSlo
19、pe,whichstronglyreputestheauthor*sclaim.此段功能本段提出了第三个矛盾点。文章指出EdmOntOSaUrUS有长S巨离移动的能力。演讲者虽然承认Edmontosaurus具有这一能力，然而他指出幼年的Edmontosaurus缺乏这种能力，而族群不会将年幼的Edmontosaurus留在NorthSlope,以此来反驳文中观点。此段结构此段仍然是并列结构，分别阐述了双方的观点和证据。三、范文全篇总评L逻辑结构全文采用总分的结构，在首段提出了文章与演讲各自的观点以及争论的焦点，在接下来的三段分三个方面分别进行了论证反驳。2、语言表达Edmontosaurusmighthavefoundlotsofnutritiousdeadvegetationaroundduringthewinter；whichmademigrationunnecessary.这个句子中，首先一个难点是虚拟语气的使用。Mighthavedone表示对于过去可能做的事情的推断。另外，which弓|导的非限定性定语从句实际上交代事情的结论。
