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1、1.6Front-wheeldriveTheengine,differentialandgearboxformoneunit,whichcansitinfrontof,over,orbehindthefrontaxle.Thedesignisverycompactand,unlikethestandarddesign,meansthatthevehiclecaneitherbearound100-300mmshorter,orthespaceforpassengersandluggagecanbelarger.Theseareprobablythemainreasonswhy,worldwid
2、e,moreandmorecarmanufacturershavegoneovertothisdesign.Inrecentyearsonlyafewsaloonsofupto21capacitywithoutfront-wheeldrivehavecomeontothemarket.Nowadays,front-wheeldrivevehiclesaremanufacturedwithV6andV8enginesandperformancesinexcessof150kW.However,thistypeofdriveisnotsuitableforcommercialvehiclesast
3、herearwheelsarehighlyloadedandthefrontwheelsonlyslightly.Nevertheless,somelightcommercialvehiclemanufacturersacceptthisdisadvantagesotheycanlowertheloadareaandoffermorespaceorbetterloadingconditions(Fig.1.47).Thepropshaftsnecessaryonstandardpassengercarswouldnotallowthis.Fig.1 -47 The low cargo area
4、 on the Peugeot light commercial vehicle J 5/J 7 is achieved due to frontwheel drive and a semitrailing link axle to the rear (similar to the one in Fig. 1.63).16.1Typesofdesign161.1Enginemountedlongitudinally4North-South,infrontoftheaxleIn-lineorVenginesmountedinfrontoftheaxle-regardlessofthewheelb
5、ase-giveahighfrontaxleload,wherebythevehiclecentreofgravityispushedaIongwayforwards(Fig.1.48).Goodhandlinginsidewindsandgoodtraction,especiallyinthewinter,confirmthemeritsofahighfrontaxleload,whereastheheavysteeringfromstanding(whichcanberectifiedbypower-assistedsteering),distinctundersteeringduring
6、corneringandpoorbrakingforcedistributionwouldbeevidenceagainstit.Thistypeofdesign,asopposedtotransversemounting,ispreferredinthelargersaloonsasitallowsforrelativelylargein-lineengines.ThefirstvehiclesofthistypeweretheAudi80and100.Incliningthein-lineengineandplacingtheradiatorbesideitmeansthefrontove
7、rhanglengthcanbereduced.Automaticgearboxesneedmorespacebecauseofthetorqueconverter.Thisspaceisreadilyavailablewithalongitudinallymountedengine.Adisadvantageoflongitudinalenginesistheunfavourablepositionofthesteeringgear:thisshouldbesituatedoverthegearbox.Dependingontheaxledesign,thisresultsinlongtie
8、rodswithspringstmt(McPherson)frontaxles(Fig.1.57).1.6.1.2TransverseenginemountedinfrontoftheaxleInspiteoftheadvantageoftheshortfrontoverhang,onlylimitedspaceisavailablebetweenthefrontwheelhousings(Figs1.49and1.50).Thisrestrictionmeansthatengineslargerthananin-linefourcylinderorV6cannotbefittedinamed
9、ium-sizedpassengercar.Transverse,asymmetricmountingoftheengineandgearboxmayalsocausesomeperformanceproblems.Theunequallengthofthedriveshaftsaffectsthesteering.Duringaccelerationthevehiclerisesandthedriveshaftstakeondifferentangularpositions,causingunevenmomentsaroundthesteeringaxes.Thedifferencebetw
10、eenthesemomentstotheleftandtotherightcausesunintentionalsteeringmovementsresultinginanoticeablepulltooneside(Fig.3.88);driveshaftsofequallengtharethereforedesirable.Thisalsopreventsdifferentdrillinganglesinthedriveshaftcausingtimingdifferencesindrivetorquebuild-up.Thelargearticulationangleoftheshort
11、axleshaftcanalsolimitthespringFig-,-48Infront-wheeldrivevehiclestheenginecanbemountedlongitudinallyinfrontofthefrontaxlewiththemanualgearboxbehind.Theshaftgoesoverthetransversedifferential(illustration:Renault).Fig.1.49CompactpowertrainunitontheVauxhallCorsa(1997).Theengineistransversemountedwiththe
12、gearboxontheleft.TheMcPhersonfrontaleandsafetysteeringcolumncanbeseenclearly.Fig.1.50Layoutoftransverseengine,manualgearboxanddifferentialontheVWPolo.Becausethearrangementisoffset,theaxleshaftleadingtotheleftfrontwheelisshorterthanthatleadingtotherightone.Theshiftershaftbetweenthetwocanbeseenclearly
13、.Thetotalmechanicalefficiencyshouldbearoundn0.9.travelofthewheel.Toeliminatetheadverseeffectofunequallengthshafts,passengercarswithmorepowerfulengineshaveanadditionalbearingnexttotheengineandanintermediateshaft,theendsofwhichtakeoneofthetwoslidingCVjointswithangularmobility(Figs1.51and1.17),Moreover
14、,tflexingvibration*ofthelongdriveshaftcanoccurinthemaindrivingrange.Itsnaturalfrequencycanbeshiftedbyclampingonasuppressionweight(Fig.4.1).1.6.2 Advantagesanddisadvantagesoffront-wheeldriveRegardlessoftheengineposition(seeFig.1.52),front-wheeldrivehasnumerousadvantages: thereisloadonthesteeredanddri
15、venwheels; goodroad-holding,especiallyonwetroadsandinwintryconditions-thecarispulledandnotpushed(Fig.1.35);Fig.1.51GearboxunitontheLanciaThema,locatedbesidethetransverseengineandbetweenthefrontaxleMcPhersonstruts.Owingtothehighengineperformance,thedesignfeaturestwoequal-lengthaxleshaftsjoinedbyanint
16、ermediateshaft.Therearealsointernallyventilateddiscbrakes. gooddrive-offandsufficientclimbingcapacitywithonlyfewpeopleinthevehicle(Fig.6.22); tendencytoundersteerincornering; insensitivetosidewind(Fig.3.125); althoughthefrontaxleisloadedduetotheweightofthedriveunit,thesteeringisnotnecessarilyheavier
17、(incomparisonwithstandardcars)duringdriving; axleadjustmentvaluesarerequiredonlytoalimiteddegreeforsteeringalignment(seeSection3.8); simplerearaxledesign-poundcrankorrigidaxles-possible; longwheelbasemakinghighridecomfortpossible; shortpowerflowbecausetheengine,gearboxanddifferentialformacompactunit
18、; goodenginecooling(radiatorinfront),andanelectricfancanbefitted; effectiveheatingduetoshortpaths; smoothcarfloorpan; exhaustsystemwithlongpath(importantoncarswithcatalyticconverters); alargebootwithafavourablecrumplezoneforrearendcrash.Thedisadvantagesare: underfullload,poorerdrive-offcapacityonwet
19、andicyroadsandoninclines(Figs1.36and6.22);Fig.1.52Arrangementofthegearboxbeneaththemotor,whichisinclinedtowardstherear,andthedifferentialgearplacedbehindit.Asingleoil-economyundertakesthesupply,inthiscase,ofthedrivingunit,narrowinitsdesign.(WorksIllustr.FaPeugeot) withpowerfulengines,increasinginflu
20、enceonsteering; enginelengthlimitedbyavailablespace; withhighfrontaxleload,highsteeringratioorpowersteeringisnecessary; withhighlocated,dash-panelmountedrackandpinionsteering,centretakeofftierodsbecomenecessary(Figs1.57and4.39)orsignificantkinematictoe-inchangepracticallyinevitable(Fig.3.67) geometr
21、icaldifficultprojectdenitionofafavourableinterferenceforceleverarmandafavourablesteeringrollradius(scrubradius); enginegearboxunitrendersmoredifficultthearrangementofthesteeringpackage; thepowerplantmountinghastoabsorbtheenginemomenttimesthetotalgearratio(Figs3.110,6.20andEquation6.36) itisdifficult
22、todesignthepowerplantmounting(seeRef.5)-boomingF153Front-wheeloutputshaftofGKNAutomotive.Aconstant-velocityslidingjointisusedonthegearboxsideandaconstant-velocityfixedjointisusedonthewheelside(Fig.1.17),Themaximumbendinganglesare22ofortheslidingjointand47。forthefixedjoint.Forreasonsofweight,theslidi
23、ngjointisplaceddirectlyintothedifferentialandfixedaxiallybyacirclip.Acentralnutsecuresattachmentonthewheelside.Theintermediateshaftisdesignedasacarburized,shapedhollowshaft.noises,resonantfrequenciesinconjunctionwiththesuspension,tipinandletofftorqueeffectsetc.,needtobesuppressed; withsoftmountings,
24、wavyroadsurfacesexcitethepowerplanttonaturalfrequencyoscillation(so-calledtfrontendshake*,seeSection5.1.3); thereisbendingstressontheexhaustsystemfromthepowerplantmovementsduringdrive-offandbraking(withtheengine); thereisacomplexfrontaxle,soinnerdriveshaftsneedaslidingCVjoint(Fig.1.53); theturningan
25、dtrackcircleisrestrictedduetothelimitedbendingangle(upto50o)ofthedrivejoints(seeSection3.7.2); highsensitivityinthecaseoftyreimbalanceandnon-uniformityonthefrontwheels; highertyrewearinfront,becausethehighlyloadedfrontwheelsarebothsteeredanddriven; poorbrakingforcedistribution(about75%tothefrontand2
26、5%totherear); complexgearshiftmechanismwhichcanalsobeinfluencedbypowerplantmovements.Thedisadvantageofthedecreasedclimbingperformanceonwetroadsandthosewithpackedsnowcanbecompensatedwithadriveslipcontrol(ASR,seeChapter6inRef.7)orbyshiftingtheweighttothefrontaxle.OntheXMmodels,Citioenmovedtherearaxlea
27、longwaytotherearresultinginanaxleloaddistributionofabout65%tothefrontand35%totheback.Thegreatertheloadonthefrontwheels,themorethecartendstoundersteer,causingadversesteeringanglesandheavysteering,whichmakespowersteeringmandatory(seeSection4.2.5).1.6.3 DrivenfrontaxlesThefollowingarefittedasfrontaxles
28、onpassengercars,estatecarsandlightcommercialvehicles: doublewishbonesuspensions; multi-linkaxles; McPhersonstruts,and(onlyinveryfewcases); damperstruts.Ondoublewishbonesuspensionsthedriveshaftsrequirefreepassageinthoseplaceswherethecoilspringsarenormallylocatedonthelowersuspension外文翻译1. 6前轮驱动发动机、变速器
29、的齿轮箱体形成了一个单位这个单位的位置在前轮轴之前,或前轴上面或在轮轴之后,这样设计出来的空间会被压的非常紧,不像标准设计那样,意味着驾驶空间会少于100-300平方,或着有更大的空间留给乘客和后备箱,这些或许是主要的理由为什么在全世界,越来越多的汽车产品继续应用这种设计。在最近一些年来只有不到21款的不是发动机前制前驱的汽车车被生产并投入市场。现在,生产的前轮驱动子驾驶车辆一般是功率性能超过150KW的V6缸发动机和V8发动机然而,这类型车辆并不适合后轮高载荷的商业车辆,不过,一些商业车辆制造厂接受吸收商业用车的这些缺点,以便他们可以降低他们的载荷区,并能提供更多的空间,或提供更好的条件承受
30、载荷,但在标准客车上是不允许这样的。图L47由标志轻型商务是汽车J5/J7带来的低的货运区已经形成,这是由于前轮驱动和不完全连接到车的轴引起的。1.61 设计的类型1. 6.1.1发动机径向放置在轴的前面:前排与V型发动机放置在轴的前面先暂且不论,较高的前轴载荷,所造的轴距,车的重心向前移动了一个距离,对恻向风,的牵引力的正确的处理证实了前轴承载的优点,特别是在冬天,不过持续的沉重的转向(这个方面被助力转向所修正)明显的不足转向与坏的制动力,的分配对他来说是明显的,这种类型的设计,与发动机横向放置是相反的,他在汽车支撑中被欢迎,因为他能够有相对较大的单排发动机放置和放置散热器,除此之外,他意味
31、着前悬架长度将缩短,无级变速器由于放置扭转转换器,而需要很多的空间,这个空间由于纵置发动机,而便为可能,纵向放置发动机的一个技术缺陷是对转向器的放置是不利的,这个将被放置在变速器的上方,由于这个轴的设计,导致有弹簧支撑的前轴(麦弗逊柱)长期被使用。L6.L2发动机横向放置安装在轮轴的前面,尽管充分利用了短的悬架,只有在轮子和外壳体之间一点的少部分空间,这种限制意味着这种布置不适合比直列四汽缸或六汽缸多的商用客车上,汽车发动不对称的布置,变速器齿轮箱体也会引起一些汽车外在表面的布置问题,不相等的驱动轴长度影响影响转向装置,在汽车的速度开始提高时,驱动轴在承受不同的角度和方向,这样会引起转向轴片刻
32、的不能转动转动,这一时的失控使在左边或右边驾驶的人的注意力一时分散,平均的驱动轴长度才是人门想要的。这也避免了不同的变化引起时间安排不同驱动轴按某一角度转动时驾驶转力矩的形成。短驱动轴的万象节也能减少这些问题的发生图1.48前置前驱是发动机纵向地安装在汽车前轴上,前轴安装在变速器的后边通过差速器把力传到前轴上。图1.49VauxhallCOrSa(1997)的动力布置更为紧凑,它的发动机横向地安装在变速器的左边,在McPherson上可以清除地看到其独立的悬架和安全的转向系统。图1.50宝莱车的发动机,手动变速器及差速器横向地布置在车前,由于这种布置形式的位置发生了变动,它的轴线的移动导致了左
33、前轮比右前轮的轴短,还可以清除地看到两轴中间的换挡杆。这种布置形式的总机械效率n0.9.为了消除不等长轴带来的负面影响,每一个有大能量输出的在载客车在接近发动机与中间轴的地方装有一个额外的齿轮,它的每一个末端有一个滑动的CV联接,并有很好的动力性(如图L51和1.17)。再者。长传动轴的弹性振动在驾驶期间时有发生。它的振动频率能被自身的重量所抵消。1.62 前轮驱动的优缺点暂且不管发动机的位置(如图1.52),前轮驱动有很多优点:1操纵方便,能感受到驱动轮的负荷,便于驾驶。2路感好。尤其是在潮湿和寒冷的条件下,汽车驾驶时不会感觉到沉重(如图1.35)图1.51LanciaThema车上的变速器
34、横置于发动机旁边与前轴Mcpherson支撑之间,由于发动机动力好,两条长轴被一个中间轴连接在一起,同时再加上两个能与空气接触的盘式制动器。1好的操纵性与高的爬坡能力能在车满载人的时候体现出来(如图6.22)2拐弯时不会没有足够的转向能力。3侧向风的敏感性。(如图3.125)4尽管由于驱动单元的重量而使前轴负载,转向盘未感到沉重。(与其它车辆相比)。5当直线行驶时轴的调节能力被限制在一定的角度。6简单的后轴设计是有可能的。(例如,复合曲轴与刚性轴)7较高的舒适性和较宽的轴距。8由于发动机,变速器,差速器的紧凑的设计使能量损失减小。9好的发动机冷却系统(前面辐射)和电动风扇是相适应的。10短的传
35、动路线使能量更高的传递。11流线型内底板的设计。12排气系统有更长的通道(对于带有催化转换器的车是主要的)13对于车尾碰撞,更利于使车尾变形收缩。缺点是:1在满载下在潮湿的冰冻路面和有坡道的路面上,操纵性较差。(如图1.36和6.22)图1.52变速箱的布置低于发动机且倾于后方,而差速器又布置于变速器的后边。一种单一的燃油系统负责供应补给,在这种情况下,操纵元部件的设计将受到限制。1用大动力引擎,将增大对操纵或转向机构影响。2发动机的长度受到即有空间的限制3配以高的前轴负荷,良好的转向速比或动力转向是必要的。3配以高的位置,仪表安装支架和齿杆转向,中心位置去掉一系列带杆变得很必要或者说意义重大
36、的运动学前轮前束事实上不可避免的要改变。4一种有促进作用的几何学复杂的干涉强迫杆臂,然后转动转向盘幅。5发动机,变速器单元反映出了在转向系统布置上更多的困难。6动力设施座架不得不吸收发动机力矩并调整总的速比7设计动力设施及底座是困难的。图1.53GKN汽车的前轮输出轴,一个定速滑动较接头被用在变速箱的一边,一个定速滑动钱接头被用在车轮的一边。滑动较接头的最大转角是22。固定钱接头的最大弯矩角是47,由于重量的原因,活动较接头被一个环状夹扣直接放置并固定在差速器上。一个中心螺栓牢固地连接在车轮旁边。中间轴被设计成一个渗碳中空的轴。在和悬架连接处的噪声,共振频率,接入和分开扭矩影响等都需要被控制。
37、1起伏不平的坡道软路面上,能使集聚大量能量的机构转换成自然频率的震荡(即所谓的减震,查看表5.13章)2在停车或刹车时,如发动机仍然工作,蓄能机构运动能使排气机构产生弯曲应力。3有一个复杂的前轴,因此内部传动轴需要装一个CV万向节(如图1.53)4由于传动万向节的转弯角度只有大约50,转向半径及道路轨迹部将被限制。5以防止轮胎不平衡及前轮不一致性,而有高的灵敏性。6要有更高的前轮轮胎耐磨性,因为前轮承受高载荷驱动及转向的作用7不好的制动分配(前面大约75版后面大约25%)8储能机构的运动影响后部复杂的换挡机构。在湿路面与积雪的路面上不断下降的爬坡性的缺点能够被一个传动滑动控制装置所补偿,(即ASR,查第7单元第6节)或者转移重力到前轴,在XM模型中,Citroen使后轴向后移动一段距离导致前轴受65队后轴受35%的载荷分配。前轮载荷越大,汽车越容易产生转向不足,导致相反的转向角和转向沉重,它导致产生强制的动力转向。1.6.3前传动轴在客车,旅行车和轻型商务车上,下面所属内容适合于前轴1双叉式2多联轴3麦佛逊栓(仅在少数汽车上)4支撑片在双悬架上,传动轴在螺旋弹簧位于更低的悬架的地方。需要自由移动、