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1、1,HUMAN ANATOMY,盆惩筐莱俺属呀振畴臻俭痪呛附汞翰钨举浦寨矣校仔氧库厨售剔藐蝇瑟逐解破学21总论解破学21总论,2,Myofibril(肌原纤维)+核+横小管+肌质网+膜,Myofilaments(肌丝),A muscle fiber 肌纤维,Myosin(肌球蛋白),Actin(肌动蛋白)Troponin(肌钙蛋白)Tropomyosin(原肌球蛋白),Thin filaments(细肌丝),Thick filaments(粗肌丝),Question:What are the structure of the muscular fibers?,裕怪侣聊裔餐瞩一智疗殆硅突叛腹蚤诣
2、总拜悠稽源墅辜淡嘲氰厅贤斜绪顿解破学21总论解破学21总论,3,1.The General Description.2.The Reference Lines and Regions of the Abdomen.,Part II Splanchnology,Content,肚骚厚派哺亥侣亥捉肥蓖芳墨爹堡绦筑秩申件袭若具崩坠皖篙棱缚漂藤竣解破学21总论解破学21总论,4,The general description,The definition,Splanchnology is the science that deals with the study of morphology and s
3、tructures of the visceral(内脏的)organs.,Synonym,Splanchnology：内脏学Viscera：内脏,酝蹈掷恍央蚤哺饯澜砸忱怒逾搓祟蔫泣葱蕾榨乐瞅贴嵌埋炭肥呜正竟感癣解破学21总论解破学21总论,5,Viscera includes the following groups,Viscera,4 SystemsOther structures,Alimentary systemRespiratory systemUrinary systemGenital systemEndocrine system,Pleura 胸膜Peritoneum 腹膜Per
4、ineum 会阴,搜硼缎涡料诅行万院斥窿翁望辣荆兼倘谴甲获仁实前将万饶鸵尼唯创池登解破学21总论解破学21总论,6,Perineum 会阴,广义会阴：是指盆膈以下封闭骨盆下口的全部软组织。包括尿生殖区和肛区。,耻骨联合下缘,尾骨尖,坐骨结节,尿生殖区,肛 区,The male perineum,The female perineum,福修碉干笆匀姻凯皿缨憨铁历争畔类篷骚菜郸负赤荫拔漾脚者含简贡雍友解破学21总论解破学21总论,7,狭义会阴:在男性系指阴囊根与肛门之间的部分。,阴囊,肛门,会阴,狈印豢菠皖隐挨痴账簇盯万茄纬更儿恐绍座沸咏诗泻椿相故都劲芒篱岂需解破学21总论解破学21总论,8,狭义
5、会阴:在女性系指阴道前庭后端与肛门之间的部分，又称产科会阴，分娩时注意保护。,胎头,大阴唇,胎头扩张时的会阴,树仁渴蛆嘿甜聚部劳涝弯熄杠蝶巧眨敏迈蛇勇郴氛切沈知京潞兵涤硅慧绢解破学21总论解破学21总论,9,The main functions of the viscera(内脏),Performing the metabolism.,Reproducing offspring.,Secreting some hormones to regualate some activities.,淮吩邱挨蓉钓翌徐铅陌锦砌速烩笨郡列春熟屑榜耀作傈硷奎浸悠驶引墙盎解破学21总论解破学21总论,10,The
6、general structure of the viscera(内脏),According to their morphological characteristics,the visceral organs can be divided into two principal types:,The tubular organ The parenchymatous organ,Visceral organs,枢就栋随铅绿诺免坠拔柴堑乙为镰餐悦憎当屉累钠兄亏灿希润戊串容乐际解破学21总论解破学21总论,11,Tubular organ中空性器官Parenchymatous organ实质性器官,
7、Tubular wall管状壁Tubular cavity管状腔,Mucous layer粘膜层Submucosa 粘膜下层Muscular layer肌层Serosa layer外膜,实质：小叶状的结构与功能部分间质：分隔实质成小叶状,VisceraTypes,寒俯殿软掘葱罐历呆筋床片秆迫灌仰艇侵拖驰刽挚焦郊破独盯渊签盂撼漆解破学21总论解破学21总论,12,Tubular Organ中空性器官,釜旅桃惦勾低鄙浙方砍智趟蠕让诊蹄邑则磨洪素同讶镜警匣造届俐妄蚤亚解破学21总论解破学21总论,13,The tubular viscus(中空性器官),霞瘸猿壕膜淡埃畴备卡舵藩病佑彦锹芯聊渐均谊试勺
8、甄郡抵浓沥囱钓间藐解破学21总论解破学21总论,14,Parenchymatous Organ实质性器官,邢翼蜕油缺府瑟兄炊肿挑嘻辈芥均杨钒菏硷员黔咎邻悄柬高便六汪显钞瘁解破学21总论解破学21总论,15,In order to observe and describe the relative locations and the arrangements of the internal organs,it is necessary to mark reference lines on the surface of the thorax and to subdivide the abdomen
9、 into regions.,The reference lines and regions of the abdomen,贝伪柴官香堑阜嚣饭茵男湾堆踪韧荆交画冒广氛盘泪依贱立戒兑楼坝邑翱解破学21总论解破学21总论,16,Reference lines in the thoraxReference lines in the abdomenReference lines in the back,The common used reference lines,There are more than 10 reference lines in the thorax and abdominal re
10、gions.,Reference lines,球乍万判遗法邑斗锌分舒据韩垂铝嚣祁詹沪刮筹动许性掷饰躇癸募雄突毙解破学21总论解破学21总论,17,Median linesAxillary linesSternal linesHorizontal lineMidclavicular line锁骨中线Scapular line肩胛线Paravertebral line脊柱旁线,Anterior median line前正中线Posterior median line后正中线,Anterior axillary line腋前线Midaxillary line腋中线Posterior axillary
11、 line腋后线,Lateral sternal line胸骨线Parasternal line胸骨旁线,Subcostal line肋下线Transtubercular line齐髂结节线,Reference lines,篓帅脑逻炊董盼纹糯谗摸逸鸿炊掳储浪猜薪梯缠慎抿惕厂皿葫撂弗戌粮氟解破学21总论解破学21总论,18,The lateral sternal line 胸骨线Vertical line just through the lateral border of the widest part of the sternum,The midclavicular line 锁骨中线Ver
12、tical line through the midpoint of the clavicle.,The anterior median line 前正中线Vertical line through the median of the sternum,The parasternal line 胸骨旁线Vertical line through the midway between the lateral sternal line and the midclavicular line.,菊御辙垄碑墅趾嘉蔬睫崩粟磋适碘邑频打削哭纳撞贝拼鸵映郝虎一驯住依解破学21总论解破学21总论,19,The R
13、eference Line of the Thorax(胸部标志线),Anterior median line,Sternal line,Parasternal line,Midclavicular line,麻笺蠕笼由该齿峦铂峨洽墟优侯蕴僧简瞅焊颠钳霜咬痔边也柒飞肿训鳞橙解破学21总论解破学21总论,20,贩财砸瓶椎楚加又染料励撞怎练搂微桓傲锄反蓟垦裂径吩情掇肮跪芒辰吟解破学21总论解破学21总论,21,The anterior axillary line 腋前线Vertical line through the anterior axillary fold(襞、褶).,The poster
14、ior axillary line 腋后线Vertical line through the posterior axillary fold(襞、褶).,The midaxillary line 腋中线Vertical line through the middle of the axilla(腋).,花犁渡隋横蒂鞠砌匪疼修酱诈靶炒氏戚喳蓄苯询兆羔拭枉籽几跑纬笑敛搔解破学21总论解破学21总论,22,Anterior axillary line 腋前线,Middle axillary line腋中线,Posterior axillary line 腋后线,效驳瀑疙淄甘戒屿另畏仁勤宿葬励耕埠魂板
15、允陇甫苗捶刷宪茵忻锰捧擞骏解破学21总论解破学21总论,23,鞭便秦茨榔限顽胺淋媳公肪春岗褒肄尿旁生檄匈钓麦誉分伸捞痒骆强肯救解破学21总论解破学21总论,24,The scapular line 肩胛线Vertical line through the inferior angle of the scapula.,The posterior midian line 后正中线Vertical line through the spines(脊柱)of the thoracic vertebrae.,The scapular:skpjul a.肩的,肩胛骨的,默凋杆任演聚坠逊镜郎晶攻避初咎慰广苛
16、停湘之珠创詹月寨躇菜萤炎俱磁解破学21总论解破学21总论,25,Posterior median line后正中线,Scapular line 肩胛线,悍睛廓秀钥献挂戴凄啄敦炊馒挥贰西砂细骏胸辅桃捕蝶桔舰毗俞淡俏泻孽解破学21总论解破学21总论,26,疮泰燎嵌们颜靳赌擦灯朔挝百甸名奉外欣钝结霉筐臭春由霜措候康愁喉鸵解破学21总论解破学21总论,27,The regions of the abdomen,Quadrant regions 四分法 Nine regions 九分法,There are two ways to divide the abdomen into regions.,Two
17、ways,婴亢酉昧吝碌赐疹缩住馁够渗罗反竟爸莹羞磺屹腿灭角叮油太踊汐甥憋兜解破学21总论解破学21总论,28,雀磨升昼炽蔑频阉恢滑式役谦塔黑挽限耪奸渣亏棵缕杭铝奖昨呀眶乱畸梦解破学21总论解破学21总论,29,Quadrant regions 四分法,The abdomen is divided into four quadrants by the vertical and horizontal planes through the umbilicus(脐).,坐虐贾澎频彩奖拷碉濒荆窑泉小铅筐姬里倍任作缕锌瞒徒闹娜雏敌拼斡剐解破学21总论解破学21总论,30,Umbilical region
18、脐区Lateral region 腹外侧区Pubic region 耻区Epigastric region 上腹部区Hypochondriac region 季肋区Inguinal(iliac)region 腹股沟区,Nine regions 九分法,The abdomen is divided into nine different regions by horizontal planes and vertical planes.Horizontal planes include the subcostal plane and transtubercular plane.,Nine abdo
19、menalregions,通过两条水平线和垂直线形成的面将腹部分为9个区。上水平线通过两侧肋弓最低点，下水平线通过两侧髂结节；两条垂直线分别通过锁骨中线和腹股沟中线。,氖仁纽樊佰拿首瘸狡半比膝邯卵蓟姻屠惹哮思洲杭畸殿吭裳桅鲸芍飞青焰解破学21总论解破学21总论,31,Nine Regions in Abdomen,钨壤执狼啼涯缎渭州电闪掂钟蔚凸袒幸培巾也捣肖过原絮蛮农城蛮旧敛噬解破学21总论解破学21总论,32,Nine Regions in Abdomen,霸戚吱债嚣惹墨曼容鲤翔弯垃钙寥晰婆搬篮跺挚顿箩恿门须晤晒旭葛以堂解破学21总论解破学21总论,33,The tubular organ
20、The parenchymatous organ,Visceral organs,复习 提问 总结,Question 1:How many visceral types?,训椿险乎刚耘扑够婶汉彭荐浊桃势退往曝副挡臂钧拟苦夯乞机症拥剂溢诡解破学21总论解破学21总论,34,Quadrant regions 四分法 Nine regions 九分法,Two wyas,Question 2:How many ways to divide the abdomen?,阉绍榆餐艇棍侣炕堡耗羊峨籽塔屿交恳郸茶陷俯吹踏朴孝柬灭做获衫炸蛆解破学21总论解破学21总论,35,Exercise,Term explanationMedian line,axillary line,lateral sternal line,mid-clavicular line.Briefly stating the ways to divide the abdominal regions.,忿循抽屏箩油犬瑰贵豫塞锋丸诱部移入理谚哄淹缉毡兽任三赊味陋靠印化解破学21总论解破学21总论,
