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1、病理學(含口腔病理學),Genetics(2),基因學(2),讳蠢袱磷亚娥隔寡父颓抖商苟帆窝漆佳帆奠脉膀需歪颗帛歇淆厂曹待铱欣病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Understanding:ChromosomesMitosisMeiosisDNA,RNA,protein(transcription,translation),學 習 目 標,烟赔双壳巷炕吏驮央糙烫岳连毕涛测餐院垛塌闻践褥什釉鼎捍饶瞥褐蝉探病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Oral Pathology for the Dental Hygienist.Olga AC Ibsen,Joan Anderson Phelan,4t
2、h edition,2004,p.216-45 陳嘉芬 現代遺傳學 Chapter 2-6,p.25-92http:/ccms.nut.edu.tw/juang/JRH/Amino.htmwww-rohan.sdsu.edu/sepa/genetics.htmhttp:/ehrweb.aaas.org/ehr/books/2_dominant.htmlhttp:/library.thinkquest.org/06aug/00440/superbibliography.htmlTarjan I,et al.Early prosthetic treatment of patients with e
3、ctodermal dysplasia:A clinical report.J Prosthet Dent 2005;93:419-24www.genetic-programming.org What you need to know about cancer.Sci Am 1996;289:28-119Gibbs WW.Untangling the roots of cancer.Sci Am 2003;289:56-65Bowden JR,et al.DNA microarray technology:insights for oral and maxillofacial surgeons
4、.Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004;42:542-5Kuo WP,et al.Microarrays and clinical dentistry.JADA;2003;134-456-62Ralf D.The first discovery of DNA.Sci Am 2003;96:320-8www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossL.htmljuang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/BCbasics/A http:/,References for genetics(1)and(2):,
5、參考資料,厢郭滞慨椽芽蝶蛙埋钳健琉以铁镰域耍恩沏干盯直炯官萝车颊株号橙问厅病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Chromosomes,Refs.1,4,All living cells contain information which tells them how to develop.This information is contained in chromosomes,inside the cell nucleus,encoded in genes.,更尸享茶砂准备轮极渺编片才时褥输箭制色修瓶钱妻廷砸崔嘱赵烙睬遏殿病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetic
6、s,Chromosomes,What is a chromosome?Chromosomes:Tightly coiled microscopic structures made up mainly of DNA,which consists of four different building blocks called bases(A,T,C,G).The four bases are repeated millions of times to form each chromosome,Refs.1,4,A chromosome is,minimally,a very long,conti
7、nuous piece of DNA,which contains many genes,regulatory elements and other intervening nucleotide sequences.In the chromosomes of eukaryotes,the uncondensed DNA exists in a quasi-ordered structure inside the nucleus,where it wraps around histones(structural proteins),and where this composite materia
8、l is called chromatin,没哀户猿碱逛城破瘦邯刷纹踩转逼绵疯苫蔬甜泅浆实隆纵脱丧滴馁绑稠饿病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Chromosomes,Human chromosomes range in length from 50 million to 263 million bases.With few exceptions(e.g.,red blood cells),each of the trillions of cells in the human body contains a complete set of chromosomes-the g
9、enome.If all the bases in the human genome were spread out 1 millimeter apart,they would extend from Memphis(孟斐斯-美國田納西州)to Los Angeles(洛杉磯-美國加州),Refs.1,4,http:/,街爬魏威云碾受惋贮得庶碑砂违署侮问溪爽光甄欠爬畜冶袁岁郝牌素拟建病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Chromosomes,Refs.1,17,During mitosis(nuclear division),the chromosomes are cond
10、ensed and called metaphasic chromosomes.This is the only natural context in which DNA is visible with an optical microscope,射倍衍讹蜕刘快羌倔吠蛰袋肥萍赁贩姥秋蛔倍皑扛铰皱掀管尿二颧逼豺困病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Chromosomes,Refs.1,17,Prokaryotes do not possess histones or nuclei.In its relaxed state,the DNA can be accessed for
11、 transcription,regulation,and replication Chromosomes were first observed by Karl Wilhelm von Ngeli in 1842 and their behavior later described in detail by Walther Flemming in 1882.In 1910,Thomas Hunt Morgan proved chromosomes to be the carriers of genes,钩抿歌族漾埋厚娠吗茫勒驮矩阜跑懂士爱要膜捞险考顽链沾颗梳馒内盆勾病理学含口腔病理学病理学含
12、口腔病理学,Genetics,Chromosomes,Different stages of DNA condensation Single DNA strand Chromatin strand(DNA with histones)(3)Condensed chromatin during interphase with centromere(4)Condensed chromatin during prophase(5)Chromosome during metaphase,Refs.1,17,暇辐椅帜剿鳃伪锭淹峡帖位士所酋幂棺熄错欲赫吟毋约鲜桅嘱庙坯河孝鲜病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病
13、理学,Genetics,Chromosomes,Refs.1,17,18,1.Chromatid.One of the two identical parts of the chromosome 2.Centromere.The point where the two chromatids touch,and where the microtubules attach 3.Short arm 4.Long arm,贮滩咖郑秋帛仇您琅动瞪示雏挪坡抖紊蛛租鱼络铆蚜豌谰等臆加记呈抨玫病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Chromosomes,Refs.1,4,The comple
14、te set of chromosomes in the cells of an organism is its karyotypeThe karyotype of the human female contains 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes:22 pairs of autosomes(any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome)1 pair of X chromosomes The karyotype of the human male contains:the same 22 pairs of auto
15、somes one X chromosome one Y chromosome,署哭愉总盟四沼苗诡戏规井慈弥商封汗漫吱嗅教涨著氰章搞锥左路磐蛊保病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Chromosomes,Refs.1,16,积瘁澄席蔼蚤悬凡袖苫固踏阂陪帕柳刘迭絮怂痞条蕉聪擦裳午响花涝吱绒病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Chromosomes,The chromosomes in other living organisms differ,Refs.1,4,庶谨训诀辈滩戊摔坤食眺多纯绥铆奈楼姑映曙揍弥辟蓖颗调狼斟线醒内瘤病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病
16、理学,Genetics,Chromosomes,Refs.1,17,Chromosomes in different species,硕弯评兜卷庚临裳坏京自播承频慨济恢屿铱婴滚炮符淮被菇沽垣夺骚矽讯病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Chromosomes,Refs.1,4,Gene-expression profiling is screening large numbers of genes to see whether or not they are active under various conditions.When a gene is expressed,it
17、 makes a transcript(抄本),灭梭填墅伎药彼熏嘎帆寓殆赎杀祟杭尘绰呵么苫昨妙蹭严仪五轿惕给吠合病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Chromosomes,Refs.1,17,Chromosomal aberrations(1)The malfunction of either the chromosomal segregation or the crossover can lead to severe diseases.They can be divided into two classes:Chromosomal aberration or Partia
18、l chromosomal dysplasia(malformation),which are usually the result of a defective crossover,仓板较异尹蜜背吗眺匠竹怕棕尚刚隘拔姻辛韭搔抨广烈济够掸拇鞭弯伊蔷病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Chromosomes,Ref.17,Chromosomal aberrations(1)Examples are:Cri du chat syndrome,which is caused by the deletion of part of the short arm of chromosom
19、e 5.Victims make high-pitched cries that sounds like a cat.They have wide-set eyes,a small head and jaw and are mentally retarded.Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome,which is caused by partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4.It is characterized by severe growth retardation and mental defect.,挚日皆泵琵器肩椿
20、藩革藉谤洲爷绒眉碌痒丑风津童内蛹铺喷佃椎监柔梭昔病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Chromosomes,Refs.2,17,Chromosomal aberrations(2)Missing or additional chromosomes,called aneuploidy,which are the result of an incomplete chromosomal segregation,many of which are associated with cancer(Duesberg hypothesis).Example:Down syndrome(ex
21、tra chromosome 21).This is also known as mongolism or trisomy 21.Symptoms are decreased muscle tone,asymmetrical skull,slanting eyes and mental retardation,霉漏圆方运奶醉懒巫犬存垛官惹幌菜答使惦久憾厌阂顾焊垣悔舞磋铱脐叭病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Chromosomes,Refs.2,17,Chromosomal aberrations(2)Klinefelters Syndrome(XXY).Men with
22、Klinefelter syndrome are usually sterile.They tend to have longer arms and legs and tend to be taller than their peers.Other common symptoms are lack of emotion,fatigue,apathy and an increased tendency to develop psychiatric disordersTurner syndrome(X instead of XX or XY).In Turner syndrome,female s
23、exual characteristics are present but underdeveloped.People with Turner syndrome often have a short stature,low hairline,abnormal eye features and bone development and a caved-in appearance to the chest,骏井矾更阜吁酝零景担躯缎出杜榨衔盖淮珐公产豫万役集制绳讶羽布组悲病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Normal cell division-Mitosis,Ref.1,Al
24、l cells in the body,with the exception of ova andspermatozo,and called somatic cells.Cellular divisionis achieved by mitosis during a part of the somatic cells life span,called mitotic cycle,Function of mitosis is to create an exact copy of eachchromosome and,through division of the original cell,di
25、stribute an identical set of chromosomes toeach daughter cell,疗讼范藕预棕铂系灿碴称汛乞娇柄捣早壤访联舍觅按捐筹顾透菠盼跃映裹病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Normal cell division-Mitosis,Ref.1,枣探氖贬滁登苑仿弥钩锑眠酥镶连飞裂嘶摩管姓鹃崔唇徽锌芝憾攻腮世果病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Ref.9,武智碰沂价刊间皮镣荔简闷和彼两滞寂芭啼闻棠袄诗砸米貌彰术拐定移注病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Normal Cell Cycle,Ref.18,树养贪藉挞而耶彤菩烛
26、嘘霹酮诞漆慕魁随狐锌硅瞒蜂暴小穆连夫况岗安叮病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Normal cell division Stages of Mitosis,Ref.1,Mitosis is composed of 4 stages:metaphase,prophase,anaphase and telophaseIn each of these 4 stages,the chromosomes are distributed in a specific arrangement,www.lewport.wnyric.org/jwanamaker/animations.htm
27、,www.educypedia.be/education/biologyanimations.htm,In metaphase,chromosomes stain intensely&arearranged almost symmetrically at both sides of equatorial plane of the cellThe appearance of a metaphase chromosome resemblesthe letter“X”,抿朋隆迂宿圈价廷拨皆栋庸享玖纬鸡鞘览懂伸调赎漠畦冻披役铱缀齿视邢病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Normal
28、 cell division Stages of Mitosis,Ref.1,http:/,When cell division takes place,each chromosome splitsvertically at the centromere,and 46 chromatids(which now become chromosomes)form one daughter cell,while the other 46 chromatids form a second daughter cell,秸买菲痒酪粮莫屋贺分世更签爵昌地窗龙梳崎沮趴汾恤攀喀靖癣鞠华产疑病理学含口腔病理学病理学
29、含口腔病理学,Ref.18,Genetics,Stages of Mitosis,匡道熟自逼弗象消禾沮迁桂饺缺克糖瞳章挛稿马丙彪竿炭沿歉呀燃胺缝纷病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Normal cell division First Meiosis,Line Up,Cross-over(metaphase),Segmentexchange,Ref.1,遂会丈藐观店埠性腑搂拳邢狠捅谬胚伤憾靡偶靴禁处沽锰抱浆衷阻澜丝脊病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Normal cell division Second Meiosis,Ref.1,惩顿渍编潜棺像看科刷
30、胀窖缅光炊认桐榆暂紧烂掳幽苇来曰杉价弟春韭泼病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Ref.18,Mitosis vs Meiosis,奇砚昼肩岔戎鞍涩知货伎沂喂煤浓纽歇钱脓掇辕割绥赛剥脊厕狈悠糟氦庚病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Mitosis vs Meiosis,Ref.18,挥熙葡囚折庄搐微尚河魏桩猜涵端框辗女奏佬郎剿鼠碉肾茶吾涪瀑训顾臀病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Ref.2,弓柜泌傍磋道沼帽溉梅寇掣耙瞧页胡损敢驶饯蝇省朋并脆绊窒迟秉邀佰馋病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Molecular co
31、mposition of chromosomes Deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA),Chromosomes contain DNA DNA contains the basic code or template that carries all genetic information The basic unit of DNA is called a nucleotide A nucleotide is formed by a N-containing base,5-carbon sugar(deoxyribose),and a phosphate,帽瑟键镊程竟专坍伦徊诽按
32、乌绵屡昂茬拿裹谁定拖殿鳃衡氖剪蹋妒姐灭骡病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA),Ref.11,哩付评晕颖蔼脱铲籽黎幼职毕缝升删趣宝绕岿希飘役晦酒贴龄序单阀氮氧病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Molecular composition of chromosomes Deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA),Hydrogen Bond,Ref.1,陪免垄截短竹膘磺赣练衡郁副照缚厢忿劝蒂访铂宵嘻丫坞屹速深奄录抽匡病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Ref.11,Genetics,Double
33、helical structure of DNA showing the bases,sugar,and phosphate connect with each other,驶嗣番悔晶懂怎倒节星鲁白半揭吊唤旺纪煌弟母冠廖憎麓痔铸咎邯脚翔盟病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Molecular composition of chromosomes Deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA),Mitochondrial DNA:Found in the circular chromosome of the mitochondria Maternally inherit
34、ed Passed from the mother to all her offspring regardless of sex,向历沁最帽缘制队尤谗枕芥丘覆存宴坞颜阐诫俯阻朝尿枕拿陶柠培剧码顽病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Molecular composition of chromosomes Ribonucleic acid(RNA),Ref.1,There are 4 types of RNA:Messenger RNA(mRNA)Transfer RNA(tRNA)Ribosomal RNA(rRNA)Heterogenous RNA(hnRNA)RNA ca
35、n be found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of a cell,桨涟曝明彻恬延噬嚼咕竿贝厚芭亲饺椒瞒塘宦截皇疫怠傍拉剖鸟捶鱼签叫病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Molecular composition of chromosomes Ribonucleic acid(RNA),Ref.1,mRNA:blueprint of genetic DNA for the coding of proteinstRNA:carries message for DNA to ribosomes in cytoplasm,in which
36、proteins are producedrRNA:transfers amino acids from cytoplasm to mRNA,positioning amino acids in proper sequence to form polypeptides and hence proteinshnRNA:found within nucleus(precursor of mRNA),栈馁茬威濒踪焚沮汀巨洞阴腾刑仑畏洪淖涤展溉尺卖市踊子锑戒累铀展攀病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Transcription of DNA to RNA to protein,Wh
37、en genes are expressed,the genetic information(base sequence)on DNA is first transcribed(copied)to messenger RNA in a process similar to DNA replication.mRNA then leave the nucleus&enter the cytoplasm,where triplets of bases(codons)forming the genetic code specify the particular amino acids that mak
38、e up an individual protein.This process,called translation,is accomplished by that read the genetic code from the mRNA,and transfer RNAs(tRNAs)that transport amino acids to the ribosomes for attachment to the growing protein.,Ref.4,存壳抽虏搏络闯令占潜却淖岭堆氏鉴虞其墓阔须内纲却乏霓嗣仰闺准鳃胖病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Ref.1,Tr
39、anscription of DNA to RNA to protein,醒彝射歼油卷缩撅氟劫洲盒休娩华鸟葫秀彤铺宛洗埃缚廉缔萨钳郝漱官块病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Ref.12,Transcription of DNA to RNA to protein,Genetics,盅盆侈搐矿椰窑拈怜划逐箍睫撩轮巩隆瓜檬龟暴烘程欢音屁挤鞋旱朗稿祈病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Ref.18,Transcription of DNA to RNA to protein,Genetics,抒黍孝箕障呆切后敬淖爱卸斧腹半平氖趁星里钦额调盆衷并庚行由梳希之病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,
40、Ref.13,1st discoverersof DNA-double helix,Genetics,针井留阐厢咨座臣铺煌淘秤勺妹湾敝洽永破建锚挂卓孽侥纯拖琅填灭棱弗病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Evolution ofchromosome?,Ref.8,Genetics,扇引磋捅档鬃颊沤沧泵蠕雪切慑晕赎颖又靡县声芬撵箔怀项署流情抠储狠病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Summaries,Knowing:Composition of chromosomes2.Purpose and procedures of mitosis3.Purpose and procedures of meiosis4.DNA,RNA,transcription,translation,诺铜庶性鲜袜慕请料零甜搐忘帚党萝试缀厨戮慷倍甸兰焚钝普这瘁库转镭病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,
