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1、高龄股骨粗隆间骨折人工股骨头置换和PFNA内固定治疗的对比分析吕泽坤宋会平华北理工大学附属医院骨科唐山063000摘要目的:对比分析采用PFNA内固定与人工股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨粗隆间骨折的效果。方法:随访华北理工大学和唐山市二院2020年10月至2022年3月分别采用人工股骨头置换和PFNA内固定的62例75岁以上股骨粗隆间骨折患者,根据不同的手术方法分为PFNA组及关节置换组,对比分析两种术式在手术时间、术中出血量、切口长度方面差异,分析两种术式术后近期并发症:术后澹妄、深静脉血栓、肺炎、尿路感染、褥疮及术式特有并发症(假体周围骨折、骨折不愈合、假体松动下沉、关节脱位)发生率的差异。分析两
2、种术式术后1个月、3个月、6个月、9个月时髅关节功能的差异。结果:与关节置换组相比较,PFNA内固定组手术时间短、术中出血量少、手术切口长度短,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)两种术式术后第1个月、3个月酸关节HaITiS评分,髅关节置换组优于PFNA组,差异有统计学意义P0.05)术后9个月PFNA组髅关节HalTiS评分优于关节置换组,(P0.05)c结论:1PFNA内固定操作简单,出血量少,手术时间短,微创,PFNA既提供了坚强内固定,又保证了手术安全,又能有效预防各种术后常见并发症,疗效满意,是老年股骨粗隆间骨折治疗的首选。2粗隆间骨折患者,使用股骨头置换,虽然早期功能优于PFNA组,但
3、骨折愈合后远期貌关节功能不如PFNA,且手术操作复杂,风险大,股骨头置换做为该类患者的最后手段,有很大的不可预测性。需要严格把握适应症。关键词高龄;股骨粗隆间骨折,内固定,关节置换ComparativeanalysisofartificialfemoralheadreplacementandPFNAinternalfixationforelderlyintertrochantericZe-kun,SONGHui-ping.DepartmentofOrthopedics,NorthChinaUniversityOfScienceAndTechnologyAffiliatedHospital.Ta
4、ngshan063000,CHINA.AbstractObjectives:TocompareandanalyzetheeffectofPFNAinternalfixationandartificialfemoralheadreplacementinthetreatmentofelderlyfemoralintertrochantericds:Atotalof62patientswithfemoralintertrochantericfracturesover75yearsoldwhoweretreatedwithartificialfemoraheadreplacementandPFNAin
5、ternalfixationfromOctober2020toMarch2022inNorthChinaUniversityOfTechnologyandTangshanSecondHospitalwerefollowedup.TheyweredividedintoPFNAgroupaccordingtodifferentsurgicalmethods,andthejointreplacementgroup,thedifferencesinoperationtime,intraoperativebloodloss,andincisionlengthbetweenthetwomethodswer
6、ecomparedandanalyzed,andthepostoperativecomplicationsofthetwomethodswereanalyzed:postoperativedelirium,deepveinthrombosis,pneumonia,urinarytractinfection,Differencesintheincidenceofpressureulcersandprocedure-specificcomplications(periprostheticfractures,nonunions,prosthesislooseningandsubsidence,and
7、jointdislocation).Thedifferencesinhipfunctionat1month,3months,6months,and9monthsafterthetwosurgicalprocedureswerets!Comparedwiththejointreplacementgroup,thePFNAinternalfixationgrouphadshorteroperationtime,lessintraoperativebloodlossandshortersurgicalincisionlength,withstatisticallysignificantdiffere
8、nces(P0.05).TheHarrisscoreofhipjointinthehipreplacementgroupwasbetterthanthatinthePFNAgroupatthefirstandthirdmonthsaftertheoperation,withstatisticalsignificance(P0.05).HarrisscoreofthePFNAgroupwasbetterthanthatofthejointreplacementgroup9monthsafteroperation(P0.05).Conclusions:1PFNAinternalfixationis
9、simpletooperate,lessbloodloss,shortoperationtime,andminimallyinvasive.PFNAnotonlyprovidesstronginternalfixation,butalsoensuressurgicalsafety,andcaneffectivelypreventvariouscommonpostoperativecomplications.Thecurativeeffectissatisfactory.Thefirstchoiceforthetreatmentofintertrochantericpatientswithint
10、ertrochantericfractures,femoralheadreplacementisused.AlthoughtheearlyfunctionisworsethanthatofthePFNAgroup,thelong-termhipfunctionafterfracturehealingisnotasgoodasthatofPFNA,andthesurgicaloperationiscomplicatedandtheriskishigh,means,thereisagreatdealofunpredictability.Indicationsneedtobestrictlycont
11、rolled.Keywordsadvancedage;intertrochantericfractureoffemur,internalfixationjointreplacement75岁以上高龄股骨粗隆间骨折治疗有人主张采用关节置换,有人主张PFNA内固定,现在文献报道都认为自身优势明显,治疗存在不小的争议。本文回顾分析分别采用人工股骨头置换和PFNA内固定的62例75岁以上股骨粗隆间骨折患者,分析两种术式,在手术时间、术中出血量、切口长度方面差异,分析两种术式术后近期并发症及术式特有并发症发生率的差异。分析两种术式术后不同时间点璇关节功能的差异。认为高龄粗隆间骨折首选PFNA内固定,股骨
12、头置换做为该类患者的最后手段,有很大的不可预测性。需要严格把握适应症。现报道如下。.临床资料1.l一般资料选择华北理工大学和唐山市二院2020年10月至2022年3月间分别采用PFNA内固定及长柄全涂层生物型远端固定双极头假体置换治疗的75岁以上2周以内的粗隆间骨折患者62例。其中女性,36例,男性,26例,年龄为75岁至92岁。平均(81.72)岁。根据手术方式的不同,将患者分为PFNA及关节置换组。髅关节置换组28例,男性:12例,女性:16例,平均年龄81.96岁.PFNA组34例,男14例,女性20例,平均年龄为81.52岁。1.2 术前评估及麻醉因为两组患者均为75岁以上的高龄粗隆间
13、骨折,常伴有基础疾病,手术风险极大,术前要充分检查,准确评估处理各种风险,调整好一般状态后,手术时机争取在24-48小时内。麻醉首选腰麻或硬膜外配合周围神经阻滞麻醉,术后采用周围神经阻滞处留置的导管行连续周围神经阻滞镇痛。全身状态好的患者,可以选用浅全麻配合周围神经阻滞麻醉。1.3 手术方法关节置换采用髓关节后外侧切口,保留梨状肌止点情况,切开后关节囊,截骨,取掉股骨头,暂不处理骨折处,在尽可能小的影响骨折处的情况下,髓腔铿保持前倾15。20。直接扩髓。前倾角参考股骨距最准确,适用于股骨距粉碎不重的,可简单捆扎固定重建股骨距作为参考;股骨距粉碎,无法重建的患者,参考骸骨或股骨内外侧牌。依据髓腔
14、锂的情况,选用并打入粗细长短合适的假体柄(不可打爆远端,造成医源性骨折,也要保证假体柄各方向的稳定性),反复测试调整患肢长度,安装好大小合适的双极头及T型球头。关节已复位,软组织有支撑后,如果骨折处粉碎,不能自行复位,采用可吸收线、张力带钢丝、或配合钛板等重建臀中肌、股外侧肌腱止点,固定股骨近端外侧壁骨块,骨缺损处采用自体股骨头切成骨条植骨。臀中肌等肌肉重建满意后,冲洗,缝合关节囊,重建外旋肌群止点,放置引流。逐层缝合。Figure1a:PreoperativeanteroposteriorX-rayOfPelViS图la:术前骨盆正位片Figure 1 b:AnteroposteriorX-
15、rayofthepelvisafterlefthiparthroplasty图lb:左髅人工股骨头置换术后骨盆正位片PFNA组:牵引床复位,高龄老年人手术时间过长,手术风险明显增加,不追求绝对的闭合复位,如果碰到复位困难的骨折类型,多次尝试还不能达到满意复位的,就及时切开复位。主针进针点入口为股骨干长轴与骼前上棘相交处为中心,以避免皮肤对插入主针的阻挡。控制螺旋刀片导针,使导针正位位于股骨颈中下部,侧位位于股骨颈正中,沿导针直接一次性将合适长度的螺旋刀片打入股骨头颈,因为患者年龄较大,都会有程度不同的骨质疏松,可以不用空心钻头行股骨颈扩孔,直接打入刀片能够填压骨质,紧密锚合股骨头。控制螺旋刀片
16、尖顶距(TAD)20至25mm。C臂确认螺旋刀片位置良好后,锁定螺旋刀片。锁好远端螺钉及尾帽。逐层缝合。为了减少PFNA失败率,首先强调良好的复位位置、刀片位置及刀片尖顶距的控制;其次股骨近端内、外侧壁粉碎缺损的,复位后可经皮小切口下加用外侧壁钛板,保证外侧壁支撑及稳定。i,-31oFigure 2 a:PreoperativeanteroposteriorX-rayofpelvis图2a术前骨盆正位片Figure2b:AnteroposteriorradiographoftherighthipafterPFNAinternalfixation图2bPFNA固定术后右麟关节正位片Figure2
17、C:LateralX-rayoftherighthipafterPFNAinternalfixation图2cPFNA固定术后右髓关节侧位2 .数据采集及统计学处理本研所有数据均采用SPSS26.0软件包进行统计学处理,对术后远近期并发症术后谑妄等采用卡方检验,对于术式相关指标,术后136月HaITiS评分使用采用独立样本T检验,均以PV0.05为差异有统计学意义。2.1 两组术式相关指标比较,PFNA组相比于关节置换组切口长度小、手术时间短、术中出血量少,p0.05差异具有统计学意义。见表1Comparedwiththejointreplacementgroup,thePFNAinterna
18、lfixationgrouphadshorterincisionlength,shorteroperationtimeandlessintraoperativebloodloss(P0.05,差异无统计学意义。详见表2Theshort-termpostoperativecomplicationsofthetwosurgicalmethods:deepveinthrombosis,pneumonia,lumbosacralbedsore,urinarytractinfection,P0.05,thedifferencewasnotstatisticallysignificant.Seetable
19、2.表2术式近期并发症比较Table2Theshort-termpostoperativecomplicationsofthetwosurgicalmethods组别Group深静脉血栓Deepveinthrombosis腰能部褥疮1.umbosacralbedsore肺炎Pneumonia尿路感染Urinarytractinfection发生率TheincidenceofFNA组(34)PFNAinternalfixationgroup412226.47%关节置换组(28)Jointreplacementgroup311121.48%X22value0.78PPvalue12.3两种术式在术
20、式特有并发症如假体周围骨折,骨折不愈合,假体松动下沉,关节脱位等方面统计p005,两种术式特有并发症方面,差异无统计学意义。见表3Thespecificcomplicationsofthetwosurgicalmethods,suchasperiprostheticfracture,fracturenonunion,prosthesislooseningandsinking,andjointdislocation,werestatisticallysignificant(P0.05).Therewasnosignificantdifferenceinthespecificcomplicatio
21、nsbetweenthetwosurgicalmethods.Shownintable3.表3术式特有并发症比较Table3Comparisonofspecificcomplicationsbetweenthetwosurgicalprocedures组别Group假体松动及周围骨折Prosthesislooseningandsurroundingfractures骨折不愈合Nonunionoffracture内固定物失效Failureofinternalfixation关节脱位Jointdislocation发生率TheincidenceofFNA组(34)PFNAinternalfixat
22、iongroup01105.88%关节置换组(28)Jointreplacementgroup200113.63%X22value4.29PPvalue0.42.4表4术后不同时期髅关节功能评分Table4Hipjointfunctionscoresatdifferentstagesafteroperation术后一个月脆关节功能评分Hipfunctionscoreonemonthaftersurgery术后三个月髓关节功能评分Hipfunctionscorethreemonthsaftersurgery术后六个月魏关节功能评分Hipfunctionscoresixmonthsaftersur
23、gery术后九个月能关节功能评分HipfunctionscoreninemonthsaftersurgeryPFNA组(34)PFNAinternalfixationgroup47.913.1056.413.8580.358.1591.47+6.282关节置换组(28)Jointreplacementgroup53.965.9162.93+4.3279.54+9.1186.117.58TTvalue-4.89-6.270.373.05PPvalue0.000.000.710.03注:两组术式术后不同时期髅关节功能HarriS评分比较,术后一个月及术后三个月髅关节功能关节置换组优于PFNA组,p
24、0.05差异具有统计学意义。两种术式术后六个月髅关节功能评分无统计学差异。术后九个月PFNA组髅关节功能优于关节置换组p0.05,差异具有统计学意义。详见表4Note:TheHarrisscoreofhipjointfunctionatdifferentstagesafteroperationbetweenthetwogroupsshowedthatthehipjointreplacementgroupwasbetterthanthePFNAgroupatonemonthandthreemonthsafteroperation(P0.05).Therewasnosignificantdiffe
25、renceinhipfunctionscorebetweenthetwomethodsat6monthsafteroperation.Ninemonthsafteroperation,thehipjointfunctionofPFNAgroupwasbetterthanthatofjointreplacementgroup(PGamma3型髓内钉内固定治疗老年不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效比较J.中国骨与关节损伤杂志,2018,33(10):1017-1020.12QianYu,ShiHang,ZhuAixiang,etal.Comparisonofnormalandcement-enhanced
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27、oftheProximalFemurNailAntirotation(PFNA)isassociatedwithenhancedweight-bearinginolderadultsJ.Injury,2021,52(10):3042-3046.14 KimJW,ShonHC,SongSH,etal.Reoperationrate,mortalityandambulatoryabilityafterinternalfixationversushemiarthroplastyforunstableintertrochantericfracturesinelderlypatients:astudyonKoreanHipFractureRegistryJ.ArchOrthopTraumaSurg,2020,140(11):1611-1618.15 BloemheuvelEM,VanSteenbergenLN,SwierstraBA.Comparablemortalitybuthigherrevisionrateafteruncementedcomparedwithcementedtotalhiparthro