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1、2023SOGC指南:单绒毛膜双胎妊娠的管理辅助生殖技术发展后,多胎妊娠更为常见,双胎妊娠多达35%。2023SOGC临床实践指南单绒毛膜双胎妊娠的管理主要提供了正常和复杂单绒毛膜双胎妊娠的循证治疗指导。本临床实践指南由SOGC母胎医学委员会监督,SOGC诊断成像和产科临床实践委员会审查,SOGC指南管理和监督委员会批准。1.所有多胎妊娠应在妊娠IIo周-136周之间评估生存能力、胎龄、绒毛膜性和羊膜性。2.所有单绒毛膜双胎妊娠应从妊娠16周始至分娩,每2周一次超声监测,以发现双胎输血综合征(TTTSX双胎贫血-红细胞增多症序列征(TAPS)和选择性胎儿生长受限(SFGR)等并发症。超声检查应
2、包括每个胎儿的生长发育、膀胱充盈、羊水量(胎膜两侧1脐动脉和大脑中动脉多普勒血流值。3.当发现单绒毛膜双胎并发症时,包括TTTS、TAPS、sFGR、单羊膜囊、不一致胎儿结构异常、无心畸形双胎或双胎之一胎死宫内(SlUFD)时,建议及时转诊至地区母胎医学部门及/或合适的地区胎儿治疗项目单位。4胎儿镜下胎盘血管交通支激光消融术是TTTS的最佳治疗方法。5.无并发症的单绒毛膜双胎,应在妊娠36周-37周之间终止妊娠。除有剖宫产的产科指征外,可以阴道分娩。6单羊膜囊双胎应从具有生存能力开始密切监测,并应在妊娠33周左右选择性剖宫产I)摘要本指南回顾分析正常和复杂单绒毛膜双胎妊娠的循证管理。目标人群:
3、单绒毛膜双胎或多胎妊娠的妇女。好处、危害和成本:这些建议的实施将改善复杂和非复杂单绒毛膜双胎妊娠的管理,合理监测单绒毛膜双胎妊娠,及时准确地识别和处理单绒毛膜双胎并发症,降低围产期发病率和死亡率。与双绒毛膜双胎相比,建议对单绒毛膜双胎进行更频繁的超声监测。证据:通过PubMed和Cochrane图书馆的适当主题词(双胎;单卵;超声检查;产前;胎盘;胎儿输血;胎儿死亡;胎儿生长受限)检索已发表的文献。结果仅限于系统评价、随机对照临床试验和观察性研究。没有日期限制,但仅限于英语或法语材料。验证方法:内容和建议由主要作者起草并达成一致意见,SOGC董事会批准出版的最终草案。作者使用建议评估、发展和评
4、估分级对证据的质量和建议的强度进行评级。汇总1.双胎妊娠的发病率和死亡率通常与以下因素有关(高):绒毛膜性;早产;(3)胎儿生长受限;(4)先天性异常。2.几乎所有单绒毛膜胎盘在两根脐带根部之间都有血管交通支(高I3.除了早产和生长不一致外,绝大多数双胎并发症发生在单绒毛膜双胎妊娠中(高I4约10%-15%的单绒毛膜双胎妊娠发生双胎输血综合征(TTTS)(高).5.TTTS的诊断基于羊水量W膀胱大小显著不一致的超声结果(高I受血胎儿的心脏功能障碍或生长不一致通常同时存在,但不是诊断的基本标准(X6.胎儿镜下激光消融胎盘血管吻合术是妊娠28周-30周前出现TTTS的最佳治疗方法,而不是羊膜缩小术
5、或隔膜造口术(高17.Solomon激光技术降低了TTTS复发和双胎釜血-红细胞增多症序列(TAPS)的风险(高X8.4%-5%的单绒毛膜双胎妊娠会自然发生TAPS(中度它通常比TTTS在妊娠期发生得晚(一般在妊娠24周-26周后)(中度%TAPS可能与TTTS共存,据报道,继发于TTTS胎儿镜激光激光治疗不完全后的发生率可高达13%(高I9.TAPS的超声特征是两胎儿的大脑中动脉收缩期峰值流速越来越不一致,提示一个胎儿黄血,另一个胎儿红细胞增多,通常没有羊水量的明显差异(高工其他迹象可能包括不同的胎盘回声和受血儿的星空肝脏(中度I10单绒毛膜双胎妊娠中的选择性胎儿生长受限(SFGR)被定义为
6、双胎之一的估计胎儿体重第3个百分位,或以下四项中的至少2个(高):(1)任一胎儿体重第10个百分位;(2)任一胎儿腹围第95个百分位。11在单绒毛膜双胎中,估计胎儿体重相差25%和脐动脉多普勒波形异常是不良围产期结局的独立危险因素(高X12.双胎反向动脉序列(TRAPS)的超声检查特征是无定形的,通常是水肿胎儿心脏通过胎盘动脉-动脉血管吻合支逆行灌注到健康的泵血胎儿(X13.一个较大的无心畸形胎儿(如无心胎儿与泵血胎儿腹围比率50%)可能会使其泵血胎儿面临高输出量心力衰竭的风险(高I泵血胎儿在妊娠18周前宫内死亡的总风险约为30%(高114.如果单绒毛膜双胎之一胎死宫内幸存的同卵双胎可能面临神
7、经系统疾病和宫内死亡的风险(高入在其另一胎儿死亡后几周内,影像学可能无法检测到存活胎儿的大脑变化(中度115.单羊膜双胎的超声特征包括羊膜不分裂、胎盘单一、胎盘脐带根部非常接近、性别一致以及常见的脐带缠绕(高116.只有2%-4%的单羊膜双胎会出现TTTS(高X17.单绒毛膜双胎比双绒毛膜双胎或单胎中更常发生结构异常,特别是心脏异常(高118连体双胎极为罕见,共享的器官/结构将决定手术干预和生存的可能性(高建议1.在自然妊娠中,我们建议使用较大胎儿的头臀径来估计胎龄(有条件的,中等的上2.所有多胎妊娠应在妊娠IIo周-136周之间评估生存能力、胎龄、绒毛膜性和羊膜性(强、高I3如果超声检查不能
8、确定绒毛膜性,则应视为单绒毛膜性双胎进行监测(有条件,中度14.在产前超声检查中,应根据双胎的侧向(右/左)或垂直(上/T)方向标记胎儿,而不是根据其靠近子宫颈的位置进行标记,最好在随后的所有超声检查中都保持这些标记(强、中等15.所有单绒毛膜双胎应在妊娠18周-20周左右进行详细的解剖检查(强、高1在专业允许的情况下,可以在妊娠12周-14周进行早期超声解剖检三(有条件,中度X6.在所有双胎妊娠中,应经腹或经阴道超声评估宫颈管长度,最好在妊娠23周-24周左右(强,中等)再次评估宫颈管长度。7.所有单绒毛膜妊娠应从妊娠16周始至分娩,每2周一次超声监测,以发现TTTS、TAPS和SFGR(强
9、,高I8所有单绒毛膜双胎16周后的超声评估应包括生长发育测量(胎儿生物测量、胎儿膀胱充盈、膜两侧最深羊水池,以及每个胎儿多普勒的脐动脉和大脑中动脉收缩期峰值流速(强、高39.无并发症的单绒毛膜双胎应在妊娠36周-37周之间终止妊娠赊非有其他产科禁忌症,阴道分娩是合适的(强,高I10如果可疑TTTS或明显的SFGR,应评估静脉导管(强,高1当怀疑TTTS时,应评估受血胎儿的心脏结构及功能(强,高11建议一发现TTTS患者,就咨询或立即转诊到加拿大的胎儿镜激光治疗中心,因为胎儿镜下激光消通台盘血管吻合术是TTTS的最佳治疗方法(强,高12.在胎儿镜胎盘激光检查后4周内应每周一次超声检查,没有临床症
10、状后改每2周一次,并与区域母胎医学中心共享结果帮助持续的产前护理强,高).评估应包括两个羊膜腔内的羊水量、膀胱大小、多普勒波形(大脑中动脉峰值流速、脐动脉脉搏指数和静脉导管X颅内解剖、宫颈管长度和绒毛膜羊膜间隙(强、高113.在激光手术后至少应间隔4周才仔细重新评估胎儿颅内解剖(强、中度14.每当发现单绒毛膜双胎并发症,包括TAPS、sFGR、TRAPS,单羊膜囊、不一致的胎儿结构异常或SIUFD,建议转诊或至少咨询当地母胎医学项目单位或胎儿治疗中心,以便探索所有的治疗方案(强、高入TAPS的最佳处理方法尚未确定(条件、中等15.当怀疑SFGR,应加强胎儿监测,并通过转诊至具有该病专业知识的地
11、区母胎医学中心或至少按该中心意见进行孕期管理(强、中116.sFGR的终止妊娠时间应考虑胎龄、通过脐动脉和大脑中动脉以及静脉导管多普勒结果评估的血流动力学受损情况,以及生物物理评分的胎儿健康状况(强、中I17.每当妊娠早期诊断出单绒毛膜SlUFD时,应彩色多普勒超声检查确认死亡胎儿中没有血流来排除TRAPS(强,高I18.在TRAPS中,尤其是对于孕周较大的无心畸形胎儿,应考虑通过激光射频消融或双极电凝来阻断无心畸形胎儿的血液灌注(有条件,中度X19.单绒毛膜双胎之一自然死亡后,存活的胎儿应迅速通过测量大脑中动脉收缩期峰值流速来监测是否釜血,因为釜血与低血压神经损伤的风险相关(强、高),可进行
12、宫内输血救治(有条件,中等%同卵双胎之一死亡后,最好能通过胎儿神经肌电图和MRI检查来识别存活胎儿的任何潜在脑损伤,因为可能需要3-4周才能形成损伤的超声图像(强、高I20当双胎中之一出现羊水较少时(如TTTS的供血儿),应注意不要将单绒毛膜双羊膜妊娠误诊为单羊膜妊娠(有条件,中度21.单羊膜双胎发生心脏异常的风险很高,应进行详细的超声解剖检查,重点是胎JUb脏评估(强、高122.单羊膜双胎从具有生存能力开始就应受到密切监测(无论是门诊还是住院患者)I并应在妊娠33周左右选择性剖宫产(有条件,中等X23.非整倍体筛查可在单绒毛膜妊娠中以联合产前血清筛直即当地适宜的妊娠早期筛查或综合产前筛查)或
13、对孕妇血液进行无细胞的胎儿DNA分析(有条件的,中等X24.在存在结构异常或基因筛查异常的情况下,应进行侵入性产前检查(绒毛取样或羊膜穿刺术)(强、高I对于不一致的结构异常,应考虑对两个囊腔进行羊膜穿刺术,因为在单绒毛膜双胎中出现异核型异常的可能性很少(强、高工25单绒毛膜双胎如果发现不一致的胎儿结构异常,选择性终止妊娠必须始终通过血管闭塞的方法,而不是胎儿血管内注射(强、高入结论除早产外,单绒毛膜性占大部分与双胎妊娠相关的死亡率和发病率。大约30%-40%的单绒毛膜双胎会出现单羊膜囊或并发症,例如TTTS、TAPS、SFGR、TRAP或SlUFD0妊娠110周-136周时准确测定绒毛膜性和羊
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