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1、wordVerb patternsFor anyone who is learning to speak or write correct English, the most important word in a sentence is the verb. For this reason the pilers of the Dictionary have paid particular attention to verb patterns. These show the learner how to use verbs to form correct sentences.A person l
2、earning English as a foreign language may be tempted to form sentences by analogy. For example, he hears or sees such sentences as Please tell me the meaning and Please show me theway (an indirect object followed by a direct object). By analogy he forms the incorrect sentence *Please explain me the
3、meaning (instead of Please explain the meaning to me). He hears or sees such sentences as I intend to e, I propose to e, and I want to e, and by analogy he forms the incorrect sentences as *I suggest to e (instead of I suggest that I should e). He hears or sees such sentences as I asked him to e, I
4、told him to e, and I wanted him to e, and by analogy he forms such incorrect sentences as *I proposed him to e and *I suggested him toe (instead of I proposed/suggested that he should e). He notes that He began to talk about the matter means the same as He began talking about the matter and supposes
5、, wrongly, that He stopped to talk about the matter means the same as He stopped talking about the matter.To help the learner to avoid such mistakes, the pilers of the Dictionary have provided a set of tables in which various Verb Patterns are set out with examples. Each pattern has a numbered code
6、(for example,VP5,VP6A,VP21), and this provides a link between the tables and the verb entries in the Dictionary, because every verb entry has its own code (or several codes if there are several meanings). A few examples will show how the learner can refer from the VP codes in entries to the VP table
7、s in the Introduction. One of the patterns given in the Dictionary for congratulate is VP14, and this verb is also used in one of the examples in the VP table for VP14: We congratulated himon his success. The pattern provided for the second meaning of consider is VP6A. If the learner turns to that t
8、able he will find several examples based on that pattern, for example We all enjoyedthe film. This will help him to form a correct sentence with consider in VP6A, for example Heconsidered the problem.Sometimes extra information is given in an entry to help the learner to learn the right pattern. For
9、 example, in the entry for absolve, he will find the verb + preposition (from), placed after the codes VP6A,14. This shows that the verb can be used as in absolve a man from a vow. In the entry for accede there are the codes VP2A,3A, followed by (to), showing that the verb may be used as in accede t
10、o a proposal.It is important to note that the learner is not expected to memorize these verb patterns. They are a simple reference system, a practical tool to guide the learner who wants to form correct sentences. They are a way of helping the learner who will benefit from a list of the grammatical
11、rules that underlie the different sorts of example sentences that are given in the entries for verbs.A full treatment of these verb patterns is found in Guide to Patterns and Usage in English, by A.S.Hornby (Oxford University Press).Note: The use of the asterisk * indicates that the phrase or senten
12、ce is an example of incorrect usage.VP 1This pattern is for the verb be. The subject plement may be a noun, a pronoun, an adjective, an adjective phrase (eg. a prepositional group). There may be an adverbial adjunct or an infinitive phrase.Subject + BEsubject plement/adjunct1. This is2. This suitcas
13、e is3. The children are4. This book is5. This isa book.mine.asleep.for you.where I work.There are variations with introductory there/it.There/It + BEsubject1. There was2. It was impossible3. It was a pitya large crowd.to go further.the weather was so bad. VP 2A组: This pattern is for verbs which may
14、be used without a plement. Such verbs are called plete intransitive verbs. Adjuncts are possible but not essential.Subjectvi.1. We all2. The moon3. A period of political unrestbreathe, drink and eat.rose.followed.There are variations with introductory there/it.1. There followed2. It doesnt mattera l
15、ong period of political unrest.whether we start now or later.That-clauses are possible after seem, appear, happen, chance and follow.1. It seemed2. It so chanced/happened3. It doesnt follow(that) the day would never end.(that) we were out when she called.(that) they are husband and wife.B组: Verbs in
16、 this pattern are used with an adverbial adjunct of distance, duration, weight, cost, etc. For may occur before adverbials of distance and duration. An indirect object may occur after cost, last and take (meaning require).Subject + vi.(for) + adverbial adjunct1. We walked2. The meeting lasted3. The
17、book cost (me)4. This box weighs(for) five miles.(for) two hours.1.20.five kilos.C组: Many intransitive verbs are used with an adverbial adjunct (including an adverbial particle alone, or an adverbial particle followed by a preposition).Subject + vi.adverbial adjunct1. Go2. Please e3. Ill soon catch4
18、. Its getting5. It looksaway!in.up with you.on for midnight.like rain/as if it were going to rain.D组: Verbs in this pattern are followed by an adjective, a noun or, in the case of a reflexive verb, a pronoun. Inchoative verbs (eg. bee, e, get) and verbs of the senses (eg. smell, taste,feel) are amon
19、g the many verbs used in this pattern.Subject + vi.adjective/noun/pronoun1. Her dreams have e2. The fire has burnt3. She married4. He died5. Later he became6. Youre not lookingtrue.low.young.a millionaire.an acrobat.yourself.E组: In this pattern the predicative adjunct is a present participle.Subject
20、 + vi.present participle1. She lay2. Do you like to go3. The children camesmiling at me.dancing?running to meet us. VP3A组: Verbs in this pattern are followed by a preposition and its object (which may be a noun, pronoun, gerund, phrase, or clause). The verb and preposition function as a unit.Subject
21、 + vi.preposition + noun/pronoun1. You may rely2. Can I count3. What has happenedon that man/his discretion/his being discreet.on your help?to them? An infinitive phrase may follow the noun/pronoun.1. Were waiting2. I rely3. She pleadedfor our new car to be delivered.on you to be discreet.with the j
22、udge to have mercy.B组: The preposition is omitted before a that-clause, thus producing the same word order as in VP9 (for transitive verbs).He insisted on his innocence.He insisted that he was innocent.Cf. He declared that he was innocent.VP3AVP3BVP9The preposition may be retained if its object is a
23、 dependent question, or if a preceding preposition + it construction is used.Subject + vi.(preposition)clause1. I agree2. You must see3. I hesitated4. Have you decided5. Dont worry(to it)(about)(upon)(about)that it was a mistake.that this sort of thing never occurs again.whether to accept your offer
24、.where you will go for your holidays?how the money was lost. VP4A组:In this pattern the verb is followed by a to-infinitive of purpose, oute, or result.Subject + vi.to-infinitive1. We stopped2. How did you e3. Will he live4. Someone has calledto rest/to have a rest.to know her?to be ninety?to see you
25、.B组: The infinitive may be equivalent to a co-ordinate clause.Subject + vi.to-infinitive1. He awoke2. The good old days have gone3. Electronic music has clearly e4. He looked roundto find the house on fire.never to return.to stay.to see the door slowly opening.C组: The infinitive adjunct is used afte
26、r some verbs which, in VP3A, are used with prepositions.Dont trouble/bother about that.Dont trouble/bother to meet me.Subject + vi.to-infinitive1. She hesitated2. She was longing3. He agreedto tell anyone.to see her family again.to e at once.D组: The verbs seem and appear are used in this pattern. If
27、 the infinitive is be with an adjective or noun as plement, to be may be omitted (unless the adjective is one that is used only predicatively, as in VP4E).Subject + SEEM/APPEAR(to be) + adjective/noun1. He seemed2. This seems3. I seem(to be) surprised at the news.(to be) a serious matter.(to be) una
28、ble to enjoy myself.There is a variation of this pattern with introductory it, when the subject is an infinitive or gerund, or a clause.It + SEEM/APPEARadjective/nounsubject1. It seemed2. It seems3. It doesnt seem4. It appearsreasonablea pitymuch useunlikelyto try again.to waste all that food.going
29、on.that well arrive on time.E组: If the adjective after seem/appear is used only predicatively (eg. awake, asleep, afraid), to be is obligatory. Happen and chance are also used in this pattern.Subject + SEEM/APPEAR/HAPPEN/CHANCEto-infinitive1. The baby seems2. My enquiries seem3. She happened4. We ch
30、anced5. There seemsto be asleep/to be sleeping.to have been resented.to be out when I called.to meet in the park.to have been some mistake.F组: The finites of be are used with a to-infinitive to convey a variety of meanings, 见be4(3)Subject + BEto-infinitive1. Were2. At what time am I3. How am Ito be
31、married in May.to e?to pay my debts? VP5In this pattern the auxiliary verbs or anomalous finites will/would, shall/should, can/could, must, dare, need are followed by a bare infinitive (ie. without to). The phrases had better, had/wouldrather and would sooner fit into this pattern.Subject + anomalou
32、s finiteinfinitive1. You may2. You neednt3. Youll4. I didnt dare5. Youd betterleave now.wait.find it in that box.tell anyone.start at once. VP6A组: The verbs in this pattern have a noun or pronoun as direct object. Conversion to the passive voice is possible.Subject + vt.noun/pronoun1. Did you enjoy2
33、. We all had3. Everyone likesthe film?a good time.her.B组: The verbs in this pattern have a noun or pronoun as direct object, but conversion to the passive voice is not possible. Have, meaning possess/take/eat/drink, follows this pattern. Reflexive verbs, and verbs with cognate objects, follow this p
34、attern.Subject + vt.noun/pronoun1. Have you had2. She has3. Have you hurt4. She smiled5. He dreamedbreakfast yet?green eyes.yourself?her thanks.a very odd dream.C组: In this pattern the object is a gerund, not replaceable by a to-infinitive.Subject + vt.gerund1. She enjoys2. Have you finished3. I res
35、entplaying tennis.talking?being spoken to so rudely.D组: In this pattern the object is a gerund. This may be replaced by a to-infinitive. For the difference between like swimming and like to swim, see the notes on VP6D in Guide to Patternsand Usage.Subject + vt.gerund1. She loves2. Ill continue3. He
36、begangoing to the cinema.working while my health is good.talking about his clever children.E组: After need, want ( = need) and wont/wouldnt bear, the gerund is equivalent to a passive infinitive.Subject + NEED/WANT/BEARgerund1. Hell need2. My shoes want3. His language wouldnt bearlooking after ( = to
37、 be looked after).mending ( = to be mended).repeating ( = was too bad to be repeated). VP7A组: In this pattern the object of the verb is a to-infinitive. (For intransitive verbs with the same word order, see VP4.)Subject + vt.(not) + to-infinitive1. Do they want2. He pretended3. We hope/expect/intend
38、4. I forgot/rememberedto go?not to see me.to climb Mount Everest.to post your letters.B组: Ought, and the finites of have in this pattern indicate obligation. In colloquial style have gotto is more usual than have to.Subject + HAVE/OUGHT(not) + to-infinitive1. Do you often have2. You dont have3. You
39、oughtto work overtime?to leave yet, do you?not to waste your money there. VP8In this pattern the object of the verb is an interrogative pronoun or adverb (except why or whether), followed by a to-infinitive.Subject + vt.interrogative pronoun/adverb + to-infinitive1. Do you know/see2. I couldnt decid
40、e3. Ive discovered4. You must learnhow to do it?what to do next.where to find him.when to give advice and when to be silent. VP9The object of the verb is a that-clause. That is often omitted, except after more formal verbs (eg. decide, intend).Subject + vt.that-clause1. I suppose2. I wish3. Do you t
41、hink4. The workers decided5. We intendedyoull be leaving soon.you wouldnt interrupt.itll rain?that they would go on strike.that John should be invited. VP10In this pattern the object of the verb is a dependent clause or question. The clause is introduced by a relative adverb or pronoun, what, or whe
42、ther/if.Subject + vt.dependent clause/question1. Does anyone know2. e and see3. I wonder4. She askedhow it happened?what Ive done!whether/if hell e.why I was late. VP11The verb is followed by a noun or pronoun and a that-clause.Subject + vt.noun/pronounthat-clause1. He warned2. I convinced3. We sati
43、sfiedusthe policemanourselvesthat the roads were icy.that I was innocent.that the plan would work. VP12A组: The verb is followed by an indirect object (IO) and a direct object (DO). The indirect object is equivalent to a prepositional object with to, as in VP13A.Subject + vt.IODO1. Wont you lend2. He
44、 doesnt owe3. He denied/grudgedhimmeheryour car?anything.nothing.B组: In this pattern the indirect object is equivalent to a prepositional object with for, as in VP13B.Subject + vt.IODO1. She made2. Will you do3. She cookedherselfmeher husbanda new dress.a favor?some sausages.C组: Verbs in this patter
45、n are rarely or never convertible to VP13. The labels IO and DO are not used.Subject + vt.noun/pronounnoun/pronoun1. Ask2. I envy3. He struckhimyouthe doorhis name.your fine garden.a heavy blow. VP13A组: In this pattern the verb is followed by a direct object, the preposition to, and the prepositiona
46、l object. It is convertible to VP12A.Subject + vt.DOto + noun/pronoun1. She told2. He sold3. Ive sentthe newshis old carpresentsto everyone in the village.to one of his neighbors.to everyone in my family.B组: In this pattern the preposition is for. It is convertible to VP12B.Subject + vt.DOfor + noun/pronoun1. She made2. Will you do3. Can you casha new dressa favorthis chequefor her daughter.for a friend of mine?for me? VP14In this pattern the verb is followed by a direct object and a prepo
