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1、-句子构造及成分 相关概念. z.-1. 词性的英文缩写在英语学习中，掌握单词词性非常重要。如果我们在记单词的时只记拼写、读音而不记词性的话，我们就不知道如何使用它们，所以我们在记单词时一定要把单词词性记准记牢。缩写字母原词代表词性n. noun 名词v.verb动词vt.transitive verb及物动词 vi.intransitive verb不及物动词modal v.modal verb 情态动词au*. v.au*iliary verb助动词adj.adjective形容词adv.adverb 副词num.numeral数词interj.interjection感慨词pron. p
2、ronoun 代词prep.preposition介词art.article冠词 conjconjunction连词 2. 及物动词和不及物动词实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。The door opened. (open后面没跟宾语，此时，open是不及物动词。)He opened the door.(open后面有宾语the door, 此时，open是及物动词。)注意：英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，关键是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，词义一样。如：The meeting began
3、 at si*. We began the meeting at si*. 有(答疑qq 329950885)些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，但词义不同。如：The man walked away.(walk不及物动词，意为走)He walked the dog every day.( walk及物动词，遛)She washes clothes at home. (wash及物动词，洗)The clothes washes well.(wash不及物动词，耐洗)英语中一些单词是及物还是不及物，可能与汉语不同。He listens to the music every day.(liste
4、n为不及物动词，而汉语中听是及物动词。)指出以下句中斜体动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，及物动词填vt.，不及物填vi.。考点1. Most birds can fly. 考点2. The children are flying kites in the park. ( )考点3. It happened yesterday. 考点4. My watch stopped. 考点5. The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. ( )考点6. She spoke at the meeting this morning. 考点7. Shall I
5、begin at once 考点8. She began working as a teacher after she left school. 考点9. When did they leave Beijing 考点10. They left last week. 3. 实义动词、助动词与情态动词实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。实义动词指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。如：He lives quite near. (live住，有明确的意义，单独作谓语，为实义动词。)I like reading. like 喜欢，意思明确，单独作谓语，为实
6、义动词。I bought a pen yesterday. bought 买，意义明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。助动词助动词的助是帮助之意。因此，助动词是指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否认句、倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。帮助构成时态的：The boy is crying.(is 用来帮助构成现在进展时，和crying一起作谓语，是助动词。)He has arrived. (has用来帮助构成现在完成时，和arrived一起作谓语，是助动词。)I have been painting all day. have been用来帮助构成现
7、在完成进展时，和painting一起作谓语，都是助动词。帮助构成否认句和疑问句的：Does he like English (does帮助构成一般疑问句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)He doesnt have lunch at home. (does只是帮助构成否认句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)帮助构成被动语态的Trees are planted in spring. (are帮助构成被动语态，没有具体意义，是助动词。)The house has been pulled down. (has been帮助构成时态和语态，是助动词。)帮助构成虚拟语气If he had e yesterday,
8、I wouldnt have made such a mistake.(had, have帮助构成虚拟语气，是助动词，属于谓语的一局部。)帮助构成倒装句的So did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.(他如此爱他的母亲以至于他母亲生日那一天，他给她买了许多礼物。did只是帮助构成倒装句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)帮助构成强调意义的He did e yesterday. (他昨天确实来过。did起强调作用，没有具体意义，是助动词。)因此可以看出，常见的助动词为do, be, have，它们为根
9、本助动词。一个词既可以作实义动词也可以作助动词，具体是哪一种，主要看它们在句中的功能。He did his homework at seven oclock.(did单独作谓语，意为做，是实义动词。)Did he do his homework yesterday (did是助动词，帮助构成一般疑问句，do是实义动词，意为做，是实义动词。)He has had breakfast. (has是助动词，帮助构成现在完成时，(答疑qq 329950885)had是实义动词，意为吃。has had一起构成了句子的谓语。)指出以下斜体单词是实义动词还是助动词。i. Does ( ) he like (
10、 ) swimming ii. He does ( ) like ( ) swimming.iii. Where does( ) he live ( )iv. He does ( ) some washing after work.v. He has ( ) had ( )supper already.vi. The bridge has( ) been( ) built( ) now.vii. I have ( ) been ( )waiting( ) for you all day.viii. He was ( ) struck ( )by a stone.情态动词情态动词同助动词一样，不
11、能单独作谓语，要和实义动词一起作谓语。因此，情态动词也称为情态助动词。情态动词同根本助动词的区别在于，根本助动词本身无意义，而情态动词有自己的意义。如：He can swim across the river.(can的词义为能够)You must stay at home. (must词义为必须)Imight leave tomorrow.might的词义为或许具体用法参看P. 错误!未定义书签。Error! Reference source not found.4. 谓语和非谓语在英语中，一个主谓构造中只能有一个谓语，再出现动词时，要变成非谓语形式，即：在前面加to构成动词不定式，或在后面
12、加-ing构成动名词或现在分词，或在后面加-ed构成过去分词。也就是说，非谓语是指：动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。先找出句中的谓语，然后改正句中的错误，并说明原因。考点1. Get up early is good for our health.早起有利于我们的身体安康。考点2. I want go home now.我现在想回家。考点3. My favorite sport is play football.我最喜爱的运动是踢足球。考点4. There is a bird sings in the tree.有一只鸟正在树上唱歌。考点5. The boy sits over the
13、re likes singing.坐在那边的那个男孩喜欢唱歌。考点6. The house was built last year has been sold out.去年建的那座房子已经出售了。考点7. The girls are singing over there are my classmates.在那边唱歌的那些女孩是我的同学。考点8. My parents wanted him work hard.我父母亲想让他努力学习。考点9. I remember saw him that day.我记得那天看见过他。10. I saw him walked into the building
14、.我看到他跑进那座建筑物。5. 主动关系和被动关系先看下面两个题：1. _ wonderful, this kind of food enjoyed a good sale.A. TastedB. Being tastedC. TastingD. Having tasted2. The food_ delicious sells well.A. smellsB. smelledC. smellingD. is smelling一些同学分别选A和B。他们说，食物是被品尝、被闻的，和食物构成被动关系，所以要用过去分词。这种说法是错误的。非谓语中的主动关系和被动关系，不是从谁做了这个动作着眼，而是从
15、恢复成一句话后是主动语态还是被动语态着眼。主动关系：从逻辑关系上看，相当于主动语态。如：The boy crying over there is Tom.(在那边哭的那个男孩) 从逻辑上讲，the boycry, 男孩哭，相当于主动语态，是主动关系。被动关系：从逻辑关系上看，相当于被动语态。如：The house built(答疑qq 329950885) last year is the strongest.(去年建的那座房子) 从逻辑上讲，the house was built,房子被建，相当于被动语态，是被动关系。在上两题中，逻辑关系可以表达为：This kind of food tas
16、ted wonderful. The food smells delicious. 逻辑上food和taste、smell是一种主谓关系，是主动语态，因此填现在分词。因此，上两题的答案为C和C。6. 逻辑上的主谓关系在判断是否是宾语补足语时，一般说，宾语和宾语补足语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。一些同学对这句话不理解。如：He askedme to lend him some money.他让我借给他一些钱。me是宾语，me to lend him some money意为我借给他一些钱。从意思上看，这像一句话，我是主语，借给他一些钱是谓语局部，但在英语原句中，它们却不是真正的主谓关系。因此可以说逻辑
17、上的主谓关系，是指，从意思上看像主谓关系，而实际上不是。to lend him some money是宾语补足语。判断以下句中画线局部是否是宾语补足语。(是的填T，不是的填F)写作专练1. I want him to e at once. ( )写作专练2. He lent me some money. ( )写作专练3. He made the boy cry again. ( )写作专练4. The teacher found him cheating in the e*am. ( )写作专练5. Dont leave the door open at night. ( )7. 复合构造在
18、我们学习语法的过程中，我们可能会听说复合宾语、动名词的复合构造和动词不定式的复合构造。实际上，这几个复合，都有逻辑上的主谓关系之意。如：He invited us to e to the party.(us是宾语，to e to the party是宾语补足语；宾语和宾语补足语合在一起称为复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语是逻辑上的主谓关系。)Its important for us to learn English well.(it是形式主语，真正的主语是for us to learn English well。us是to learn English well的逻辑主语，二者构成了逻辑上的主谓关系。
19、for somebody to do something是动词不定式的复合构造。)Its very kind of you to help me.of you to help me也是动词不定式的复合构造。与for somebody to do something的区别参看P. 错误!未定义书签。Error! Reference source not found.，you和to help me构成了逻辑上的主谓关系。Toms ing late made our teacher angry.(Tom迟到使我们教师生气。ing是动名词，Toms ing late是动名词的复合构造。Tom是ing
20、late的逻辑主语，二者是逻辑上的主谓关系。)8. 没有人称和数的变化先看以下三组句中have、do和be的变化形式I have a bookHe has a book.They have a book.I enjoy watching TV.You enjoy watching TV.We enjoy watching TV.He is sleeping.I am sleeping.They are sleeping.人称的变化是指：谓语动词用什么形式，受前面主语是第几人称的影响。主语同为单数表示一个人， be在第一人称I后用am, 在you后用are, 在he后用is; do和have在一
21、、二人称后用原形，在第三人称后用为does, has。数是指单数和复数。数的变化是指谓语动词用什么形式，还受前面主语是单数还是复数的影响。如果主语是复数，be要用are的形式，do和have用原形。如果主语是第三人称单数，be用is, do和have要用does和has。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。如：He/I/We can swim. z.- 句子成分. z.-英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补除了这六种主要成分之外，还有表语和同位语的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主
22、语或宾语的一局部。1. 划分句子成分时的常用符号英语中划分句子成分的符号主语 在下面画直线谓语 在下面画曲线宾语 在下面画双横线定语 在下面画虚线一行点使我们想到一排钉子，钉谐音为定语的定状语 下面为短横线 短横线使我们想到短木桩，木桩撞状钟补语 上一短横，下一短横下一短横好似是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙同位语 上下双曲线，虽都有曲折，上下位置根本一样2. 主语主语是一个句子所表达的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法构造：1.名词2.代词3.数词4.名词化的形容词如the rich5.不定式6.动名词7.主语从句等表示。在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当
23、。 During the 1990s, American country music has bee more and more popular. We often speak English in class. One-third of the students in this class are girls. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. Smoking does harm to the health. The rich should help the poor. When we are going to have an English
24、 test has not been decided. It is necessary to master a foreign language. That he isnt at home is not true.改正以下句中的错误，并说明原因。He failed the e*am is the reason why he dropped out. That why he was late for school was that his mother was ill.Beyond the mountains lie a small village.Gone is the days when I
25、 had to go to school on foot.Play basketball is my favorite sport.Give up English is not an option.正确运用主语的各种形式P. 错误!未定义书签。)3. 谓语谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningevery morning.Hereadsnewspapers every day.复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：You may keepthe book for two week
26、s. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there.I havebeenwaiting for you all the time.Iwouldstay at home all day.由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如：We arestudents.Your idea soundsgreat.4. 表语表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词如be, bee, get, look, grow, turn, seem等(答疑qq 329950885)之后。表语一般由名词、代词
27、、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。画出以下句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。a) Our teacher of English is an American. b) Is it yours c) The weather has turned cold. d) The speech is e*citing. e) Three times seven is twenty one.f) His job is to teach English.g) His hobby爱好is playing football. h) The machine must be under r
28、epairs. i) The truth is that he has never been abroad.5. 宾语宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语，分别构成动宾构造和介词构造。画出以下句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。They planted many trees yesterday. (How many dictionaries do you have) I have five. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. I wanted to buy a ca
29、r. I enjoy listening to popular music.I thinkthathe is fit for his office.6. 宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和(答疑qq 329950885)宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：*些及物动词如make等+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。用下画线画出以下句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。His father n
30、amed him Dongming. They painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in. You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. We saw her entering the room.We found everything in the lab in good order.We will soon make our city what your city is now.I want your homework done on time.7. 主补对主语的补充。含有宾语补足语的句子在变
31、成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。He was elected monitor.She was foundsinginginthene*troom.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.8. 定语定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。a) 副词用作定语一般要后置。People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们)He didnt l
32、ike the mandownstairs. 楼下的那个人b) 形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。The ne*t man is a scientist.The man ne*t to me is a scientist.我旁边的那个人c) 介词短语作定语时要后置。The boy under the tree is Tom.树下的那个男孩The tallest boy in our class is John.我们班最高的那个男孩d) 现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后置。I have someth
33、ing to say. (直译：我有要说的话)The boy crying over there is my classmate.在那边哭的那个男孩The house built last year is impressive.去年建的那座房子口头翻译以下句子，用下画线标出定语局部，留意定语的位置，并说明定语是由什么词性或构造充当。 The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu. The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother. We need a place twice larger than this one. S
34、he carried a basket full of eggs. Its a book worth no more than one dollar. Its a city far from the coast. He has money enough to buy a car. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city. Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on mea
35、t. A boy calling himself John wanted to see you. He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home. There are many clothes to be washed. Most of the singers invited to the party were from America. Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.用活形容词短语作后置定语P. 错误
36、!未定义书签。9. 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。He writes carefully. He walks slowly.(认真地写，慢慢地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语)This material is environmentally friendly.修饰形容词用副词，作状语He runs very slowly.修饰副词slowly, 因此very是副词，作状语Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. 修饰整个句子用副词，作状语几个并列状语的先后顺序：方式地点时间一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活
37、，但一般是：方式地点时间。如：He worked hardat his lessonslast year.I found a lost pen outside our schoolyesterday morning.He was walking slowlyoutside the parkat that moment.正确安排并列状语的顺序P. 错误!未定义书签。频度副词often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中的位置位于情态动词、系动词、助动词之后, 实义动词之前。You can never tell what he will do.He is
38、often late.He is always helping others.He often came late.注意频度副词的位置P. 错误!未定义书签。状语按意义分类在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比拟好识别，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等。指出以下画线局部属于什么状语。I. How about meeting again at si* II. Mr. Smith lives on the thirdfloor. III. Last night she didnt go to
39、 the dance party becauseof the rain. IV. She put the eggs into the basket with great care. V. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. VI. In order to catch up with the others, I must workharder. VII. To make his dream e true, Tom bees very interested in business. VIII. The boy needs a pen very mu
40、ch. IX. The boy really needs a pen. 10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 11. She works very hard thoughshe is old. 12. I am taller thanhe is. 13. I shall go there if itdoesnt rain. 14. On Sundays, there is no student intheclassroom. 15. Having to finish hishomework, the boy needs a p
41、en. 10. 同位语同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生Its good to us students. 选择正确答案，并口头说出句中那个是同位语。The young man,_,works in the office.A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me Our English teacher,_, often helps us with study.A. Mrs. Wan
42、gB. Mrs. Wangs C. Mrs. Wangs.D. of him _, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train.A. ThemB. HeC. TheyD. Theirs. z.- 简单句的五种根本构造. z.-英语句子的根本构造可以归纳成五种根本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种根本句型，是掌握各种英语句子构造的根底。英语五种根本句型构造如下：主语 谓语用符号表示为： 主谓 主谓宾 主谓间宾直宾 主谓宾宾补 主系表主语subject谓语predicate宾语object定语attribute状语(adverbia
43、l)补语plement表语predicative根本句型一： 主谓这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语。如: Itis rainingnow. ( )Weve workedfor 5 hours. ( )The meetinglastedhalf an hour. ( )Timeflies. ( )分析以下句子成分，并在后面括号标明属于五种根本句型中的哪一种。1. Dark clouds hung overhead. ( )2. Gradually a smile appeared on her face. ( )3. He is smiling all over his
44、 face. ( )4. I did well in English. ( )5. He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. ( )根本句型二： 主系表系动词主要是be，但还有一些动词有些时候也可作系动词，有人称之为半系动词。如何区分系动词有些动词既可作连系动词，又可以作实义动词。(答疑qq 329950885)如何来区分呢？有一个最简便的方法，即用连系动词be替换句子中的这些动词，句子仍然成立就是连系动词；反之，不能替换的，就是行为动词。如： She looks beautiful. (looks变为is之后，她是美丽的，句意没有大的变化，looks是系动词。) Look at the picture.(look不能换为be, look为实义动词。) He felt the book with his right hand.(feel是摸的意思，不能换为was, 是实义动词。) The silk feels soft.(这种丝绸摸起来很柔软，feel
