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1、j Ei B/ IELTS ADVANTAGESummaryCompletionPracticeQuestionsCompletethesummarybelow.WriteNOMORETHAN2WORDSforeachanswer.TheWrongSideoftheTracksRecentresearchhasshownthatunderprivilegedpeopletendtoliveontheeastsidesofplacesdueto1.BecausewhenviewedfromtheNorthPole,theearthrotatesinacounterclockwisefashion
2、,windsinbothhemispheresareusuallyblowingtowards2.Aresultofthisisthatpeoplelivingwherethesewindsandpollutionareblowingarethosewith3.This4.dynamicisseennotjustinAmericancitiesbutinthoseallaroundtheworld.Infact,British5.historianshavemodeledindustrial-agesmokestackdispersionandcometothesameconclusion:m
3、unitiestowardstheeast.WhenoneconsidersthatmostAmericaneastsidecommunitieswereformedwhensegregationwas7.,itseasytounderstandhowmembersofthesecommunitieshavealsobeendeniedloansandfinancialhelp,forcingsuchpeopleintoaterribledownward8.ofpoverty.Asthissituationhaslargelybeencausedbybad9.,itwillbenecessar
4、ytofixthesituationthrougha10.toconsidercityplanningthatwillbebeneficialtoall.IELTSADVANTAGESummaryCompletionPracticeQuestionsAnswerKey:1. (the)wind2. theeast3. lesspower4. campfire5. economic6. marginalized7. legal8. spiral9. design10. commitmentLinktovideotutorial:https:STranSCriPtSOUrCe:https:WWWI
5、cametotalkaboutfirstprinciplesandcommunitiesthatIlove-especiallyEastPaloAlto,California,whichisfullofamazingpeople.Itsalsoacommunitythatsoddlyseparatedbythe101freewaythatrunsthroughSiliconValley.OnthewestsideofthefreewayinPaloAltoarethehaves,onjustaboutanydimensionyoucanthinkof:education,income,acce
6、sstowater.Ontheeastsideofthefreewayarethehave-nots.*AndevenifyoudontknowEastPaloAlto,youmightknowthestoryofeastsidedisparity,whetheritstheseparationoftherailroadtracksinEastPittsburghortheGrossePointeGateinEastDetroitorEastSt.Louis,EastOakland,EastPhilly.Whyisitthatcommunitiesonthesocial,economicand
7、environmentalmargintendtobeontheeastsidesofplaces?Turnsout,itsthewind.IfyoulookattheEarthfromtheNorthPole,youdseethatitrotatescounterclockwise.TheimpactofthisisthatthewindsinthenorthernandthesouthernhemispheresblowinthesamedirectionastherotationoftheEarth-totheeast.Awaytothinkaboutthisis:imagineyou,
8、resittingaroundacampfire.You,vegottoseat10people,youvegottokeepeveryonewarm.Thequestionis:Whositswiththesmokywindblowingintheirface?Andtheansweris:peoplewithlesspower.Thiscampfiredynamiciswhatsplayingoutincities,notjustintheUS,butallaroundtheworld:EastLondon;theeastsideofParisisthisway;EastJerusalem
9、.Evendownthestreetfromwherewe,resittingrightnow,themarginalizedcommunityisEastVancouver.mnottheonlyonetonoticethis.Inerdedonthishard,foryears.AndIfinallyfoundagroupofeconomichistoriansintheUKwhomodeledindustrial-erasmokestackdispersion.Andtheycametothesameconclusionmathematicallythatdcometoasananthr
10、opologist,whichis:windandpollutionaredrivingmarginalizedcommunitiestotheeast.Thedominantlogicoftheindustrialeraisaboutdisparity.Itsabouthavesandhave-nots,andthatsbecomepartIELTSADVANTAGESummaryCompletionPracticeQuestionsofourculture.ThaVswhyyouknowexactlywhatmtalkingaboutifItellyousomeone,sfromthewr
11、ongsideofthetracks.Thatphrasecomesfromthedirectionthatwindwouldblowdirtytrainsmoke-totheeast,usually.mnotsayingeverysinglecommunityintheeastisonthemargin,oreverycommunityonthemarginisintheeast,butmtryingtomakeabiggerpointaboutdisparitybydesign.So,ifyoufindyourselftalkingaboutanycardinaldirectionofaf
12、reeway,ariver,sometraintracks,youretalkingaboutaneastsidecommunity.Now,thewindisobviouslyanaturalphenomenon.Butthehumandesigndecisionsthatwemaketoseparateourselvesisnotnatural.ConsiderthefactthateveryeastsidecommunityintheUnitedStateswasbuiltduringtheeraoflegalsegregation.Weclearlywerenteventryingto
13、designforthebenefitofeveryone,soweendedupdealingwithissueslikeredlining.Thisiswherethegovernmentliterallycreatedmapstotellbankerswheretheyshouldn,tlend.Thesearesomeofthoseactualmaps.Andyoullnoticehowtheredtendstobeclusteredontheeastsidesofthesecities.Thosefinancialdesigndecisionsbecameaself-fulfilli
14、ngprophecy:noloansturnedintolowpropertytaxbaseandthatbledintoworseschoolsandalesswell-preparedworkforce,and-Ioandbehold-lowerincomes.Itmeansthatyoucantqualifyforaloan.Justaviciousdownwardspiral.Andthatsjustthecasewithlending.We,vemadesimilarlysinisterdesigndecisionsonanynumberofissues,fromwaterinfra
15、structuretowherewedecidetoplacegrocerystoresversusliquorstores,orevenforwhomandhowwedesignandfundtechnologyproducts.Collectively,thislistofharmsistheartifactofourmoreprimitiveselves.Idontthinkthisishowwedwanttoberemembered,butthisisbasicallywhatwevebeendoingtoeastsidecommunitiesforthelastcentury.The
16、goodnewsis,itdoesnthavetobethisway.Wegotourselvesintothiseastsidedilemmathroughbaddesign,andsowecangetoutofitwithgooddesign.AndIbelievethefirstprincipleofgooddesignisactuallyreallysimple:wehavetostartwiththecommitmenttodesignforthebenefitofeveryone.So,rememberthecampfiremetaphor.Ifwewanttobenefiteveryone,maybewejustsitinahorseshoe,sonobodygetsthesmokeintheirface.
