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1、美国名人天文学家帕西瓦尔罗威尔PercivalLowellsWorkLedtotheDiscoveryofthePlanetPlutoplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-16:06repeatByMarioRitter2005-12-10(THEME)VOICEONE:mMaryTillotson.VOICETWO:AndmBobDoughtywiththeVOASpecialEnglishprogramPeopleinAmerica.Today,wetellaboutPercivalLowellwhoseworkledtothediscoveryoftheplanetPlu
2、to.HiseffortsandimaginationhelpedchangethehistoryofastronomyinAmerica.(THEME)VOICEONE:PercivalLowellcamefromaNewEnglandfamilywithalonghistoryinAmerica.TheLowellfamilyfirstcametothecolonyofMassachussettsinsixteenthirty-nine.OneofPercivalLowellsancestors,JohnCabotLowell,manufacturedcloth.Hebecameanimp
3、ortantAmericanindustrialistinthelateEighteenthandearlyNineteenthCenturies.Percivalsfather,AugustusLowell,workedinthefamilyclothbusiness.HesettledhisfamilyinBoston,Massachusetts.Percivalwasbornthereineighteenfifty-five.Hehadayoungerbrother,AbbottLawrence,andayoungersister,Amy.VOICETWO:PercivalLowella
4、ttendedAmericanandEuropeanprivateschoolsasayoungman.HestudiedmathematicsatHarvardUniversity.AfterhefinishedhisstudiesatHarvardineighteenseventy-six,hetraveledinEuropeandtheMiddleEastforayear.Thenheworkedasafinancialofficerintheclothbusinessofhisgrandfather.Afterseveralyears,Percivalrealizedhewasnoth
5、appyasabusinessman.SohedecidedtotraveltoJapantostudyitscultureandlanguage.Whilethere,hewasaskedtogowithaspecialtradegroupfromKoreatoestablishtraderelationswiththeUnitedStates.VOICETWO(Cont):Ineighteeneighty-threezMisterLowelltraveledtoKoreaasadiplomat.HereportedonaclashtherebetweenKoreanandJapaneset
6、roops.MisterLowellremainedinEastAsiafortenyears.HereturnedhomewheneachofhissixbooksaboutEastAsiansubjectswaspublished.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:PercivalLowellalsohadanintenseinterestinastronomyandmathematics.Ineighteenninety-threeheleftTokyoforthelasttimeandreturnedtotheUnitedStates.Hedecidedtospendmoretimeob
7、servingtheplanetMars.HehadstudiedobservationsbythefamousItalianastronomerGiovanniSchiaparelli.HefoundnotesthatdescribedmarkingsonMarsthatMisterSchiaparellicalledcanaliMisterLowellcametobelievethatintelligentlifecreatedthemarkingsonMars.VOICEONE(cont):Ineighteenninety-four,hebuiltanobservatorynearFla
8、gstaff,Arizona.HehadtheworldfamoustelescopemakerAlvanClarkandSonsmakeatelescopeforhisobservatory.HebeganaprogramofobservingnotonlyMars,butalsoVenusandMercury.VOICETWO:MisterLowellpublishedhisfirstbookaboutMarsineighteenninety-five.Init,hedevelopedatheorythatintelligentlifehadcreatedwaterwaysallovert
9、hesurfaceofMars.HistheorywasthatMartiansweretryingtobringwatertothewarmareasneartheequatoroftheplanet.MisterLowellstheorieswerebasedonwhatwereseriousscientificstudiesofthattime.YethistheoriesaboutlifeonMarsmayhavehadmorelastinginfluenceonmanywritersofimaginarystories.ThreeyearsafterMisterLowellsbook
10、waspublished,H-GWellspublishedhisfamousbookWaroftheWorlds.MisterWellsstorytoldofaMartianinvasionofEarth.TheMartiansthatheimaginedlivedonadryandwastedplanet.ThisisverysimilartoMisterLowellsdescriptionofMars.MisterLowellstheoriesaboutMarsalsoinfluencedEdgarRiceBurroughs.MisterBurroughsisbestknownforst
11、oriesaboutTarzan.HealsowroteaseriesofbooksaboutanAmericanwhotraveledtoMarsandfellinlovewithabeautifulprincess.ThepopularseriesbeganinnineteentwelvewithThePrincessofMars.VOICEONE:MisterLowellsbook,MarsandItsCanals,waspublishedinnineteen-oh-six.Inthatbook,heexpandedhistheoryaboutMartianlife.Hesaidheco
12、uldseechangesintheseasonsonthesurfaceofMars.HesaidthedarkeningoftheMartiansurfaceduringsometimesoftheyearwascausedbythegrowthofplants.HistheoryofMartianlifebecamesocomplexthathemademapsofcitiesandwaterwaysontheplanet.PercivalLowelldidnotknowthathiseyesplayedapartinthemarkingshesawonMars.Expertsexpla
13、inthatthemovementofairintheatmosphereandnaturalqualitiesofthehumaneyecausedhimtoseemarkingsthatwerenotthere.VOICETWO:PercivalLowellalsostudiedtheeffectofgravityontheplanetNeptune.SmallchangesinthemovementofNeptuneledseveralastronomerstobelievethatanundiscoveredplanetwasaffectingNeptunesorbit.MisterL
14、owellcalleditPlanetX.MisterLowellhimselfsearchedforPlanetXfortwoyearsstartinginnineteen-oh-five.Hemadethesearchbycomparingtwopicturesofthesamepartofthesky.Thephotographswouldbetakenseveralweeksapart.Theastronomerwouldthencheckbothphotographs.Anobjectinthesolarsystemcouldbeidentifiedifitappearedtomov
15、efromitsplaceintheearlierphotograph.However,thefirstsearchfailed.Infact,hefailedtorecognizePlanetXinafewphotographs.Hesearchedagainforitseveralyearslater.PercivalLowelldidnothavethechancetodiscoverPlanetX.HediedsuddenlyinNovember,nineteensixteen.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:ThesearchforPlanetXdidnotrestartatLowe
16、llObservatoryforyears.Theninnineteentwenty-five,GuyLowell,arelativeofPercival,gainedcontroloftheobservatory.HedecidedtoseriouslysearchforPlanetX.HewantedtocontinuetheworkPercivalhadstarted.Inthefollowingyears,Percivalsbrother,AbbottLawrence,providedmoneytobuildaspecialphotographictelescope.Thenewtel
17、escopewascompletedinearlynineteentwenty-nine.Thatyear,anobservatoryofficial,V.M.Slipher,offeredayoungmanajobworkingwiththenewtelescope.TheyoungmansnamewasClydeTombaugh.VOICETWOMisterTombaughgotajobaLowellObservatoryafterhesentdrawingsofhisobservationsofJupiterandMars.Hequicklylearnedhowbesttousethen
18、ewphotographictelescopeattheobservatory.Hecarefullyplannedhisresearchtomakethemostofhistime.OnFebruaryeighteenth,nineteenthirty,hediscoveredanunusualobjectafterlessthanoneyearofsearching.Theobjectmovedslowlyintheskylikeadistantplanet.PercivalLowellsPlanetXhadbeenfound!OnMarchthirteenth,ClydeTombaugh
19、andV.MSlipherannouncedthediscoveryofanewplanet.Thedatewastheseventy-fifthanniversaryofMisterLowellsbirth.MisterTombaughcontinuedtorecordthemotionofthenewplanetforthirteenyears.Hefoundmorethansevenhundredsmallbodiesthatorbitthesunzcalledasteroids.Healsodiscoveredanumberofstarsystemscalledgalaxies.(MU
20、SIC)VOICEONE:Duringhislife,PercivalLowelldidnotenjoythesuccesshehopedtofindinastronomy.HediedlongbeforethesearchforPlanetXresultedinthediscoveryofPluto.AndhistheoriesaboutwaterwaysandcomplexlifeonMarshavebeendisproved.Innineteensixty-five,NASAsMarinerFourspacecraftshowedthatnowaterwaysexistedonMars.
21、Yet,theinstitutionMisterLowellestablishedinFlagstaff,Arizona,hasmademanydiscoveriesinadditiontothatofPluto.EvidencethattheuniverseisexpandingwasfirstdiscoveredatLowellObservatorybyV.M.Slipher.Also,theringsaroundtheplanetUranuswerediscoveredthere.1.owellObservatorynowhasfourtelescopesandiscontinuingt
22、oexpand.Itsupportsprogramsthatbringastronomytothepublic.AstronomersatLowellandmanyotherobservatoriescontinuetosearchforlifebeyondourplanet.TheireffortscontinuePercivalLowellstraditionofscientificinvestigation.(THEME)VOICETWO:ThisSpecialEnglishprogramwaswrittenbyMarioRitter.ItwasproducedbyCatyWeaver.mMaryTillotson.VOICEONE:AndmBobDoughty.JoinusagainnextweekforanotherPEOPLEINAMERICAprogramontheVoiceofAmerica.
