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1、英美文选作者整理:一:Renaissance文艺复兴时期(14世纪-1660)Wyatt,intherenaissanceperiod,introducedthePetrarancesonnetintoEngland,Whilesurreybroughtinblankverse.在文艺复兴时期,怀亚特将1WilliamShakespeareWithhis38plays,54sonnetsand2longpoems,hehasestablishedhisgiantpositioninworldliterature.他的38部戏剧,54首十四行诗和2首长诗奠定了他在世界文学中的巨大地位。Thefi
2、rstperiodofShakespearesdramaticcareerwasoneofapprenticeship.莎士比亚戏剧生涯的第一阶段是学徒期。fivehistoryplays:HenryVLPartsLILandIIIzRichardIII,TitusAndronicus;五部历史剧:亨利六世一二三部,理查三世和泰特斯安德洛尼克斯fourcomedies:TheComedyofErrors,TheTwoGentlemenofVeronazTheTamingoftheShrewzandLovesLaboursLost,o四部喜剧:错误的喜剧、维罗纳的两位绅士、驯悍记和爱情的失败。t
3、hesecondperiod,ShakespearetSstyleandapproachbecamehighlyindividualized.在第二阶段,莎士比亚的风格和方法变得高度个性化。fivehistories:Richard11,KingJohn,HenryIVPartsIandIIzandHenryV;五部历史:理查二世、约翰国王、亨利四世一二部、亨利五世sixcomedies:AMidsummerNight,sDreamfTheMerchantofVenice,MuchAdoAboutNothing,AsYouLikeitzTwelfthNight,andTheMerryWiVeS
4、ofWindSOr;六部喜剧:仲夏夜之梦、威尼斯商人、无事生非、随你便、第十二夜、温莎的风流娘儿们twotragedies:RomeoandJulietandJuliusCaesar.还有两个悲剧:罗密欧、朱丽叶和朱利叶斯凯撒。thirdperiodincludeshisgreatesttragediesandhisso-calleddarkcomedies.莎士比亚的第三阶段包括他最伟大的悲剧和他所谓的黑暗喜剧ThetragediesofthisperiodareHamletzOthello,KingLear;Macbeth,AntonyandCleopatra,TroilusandCres
5、sida,andCoriolanus.这一时期的悲剧有哈姆雷特、奥赛罗、李尔王、麦克白、安东尼与克利奥帕特拉、特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达和科里奥兰纳斯ThetwocomediesareAllsWellThatEndsWellandMeasureforMeasure.这两部喜剧是皆大欢喜和以牙还牙ThelastperiodofShakespearesworkincludeshisprincipalromantictragicomedies:Pericles,Cymbeline,TheWinter,sTaleandTheTempest;莎士比亚作品的最后阶段包括他主要的浪漫主义悲喜剧:伯里克利、辛白林、
6、冬天的故事和暴风雨;andhistwofinalplays:HenryVIIIandTheTwoNobleKinsmen.以及他最后两部戏剧亨利八世和两个贵族亲戚。Shakespearesauthenticnon-dramaticpoetryconsistsoftwolongnarrativepoems:VenusandAdonisandTheRapeofLucrecezandhissequenceof54sonnets.莎士比亚真正的非戏剧诗歌包括两首长篇叙事诗:维纳斯与阿多尼斯和卢克蕾斯的强奸,以及他的54首十四行诗序列Sonnets:1-26areaddressedtoayoungman
7、,belovedofthepoetzofsuperiorbeautyandrankbutofsomewhatquestionablemoralsandconstancy1-26是写给一位年轻男子的,这位诗人深爰着他,他有着出众的美貌和地位,但在道德和忠诚方面却有些可疑27-52formalesscoherentgroup.Theyinvolveamistressofthepoetzamysterious,DarkLady/127-52的十四行诗构成了一个不那么连贯的一组。他们涉及到诗人的情妇,一个神秘的黑暗女士Thefinaltwosonnetsaretranslationsoradaptat
8、ionsofsomeversionofaGreekEpigram,andtheyevidentlyrefertothehotspringsatBath后两首十四行诗是某种版本的希腊谚语的翻译或改编,它们显然指的是巴斯的温泉Withthreeexceptions(99z26and54)ShakespearewriteshissonnetsinthepopularEnglishform,firstfullydevelopedbySurrey,ofthreequatrainsandacoupleto除了三个例外(99,26和54),莎士比亚的十四行诗是用流行的英语形式写成的,最初由萨里充分发展,由三
9、个quatrains和一个COUPlet组成。Shakespeareshistoryplaysaremainlywrittenundertheprinciplethatnationalunityunderamightyandjustsovereignisanecessity莎士比亚的历史剧主要是基于这样一个原则:在一个强大而公正的君主统治下,国家统一是必要的。ThefirstandsecondpartsofHenryVIareundoubtedlythemostwidelyreadamonghishistoryplays亨利六世的上下两部无疑是他的历史剧中被广泛阅读的一部Inhisromant
10、iccomedies,Shakespearetakesanoptimisticattitudetowardloveandyouthfandtheromanticelementsarebroughtintofullplay在他的浪漫喜剧中,莎士比亚以乐观的态度对待爱情和青春,浪漫的元素被充分发挥出来ThemostimportantplayamongthecomediesisTheMerchantofVenice,inwhichShakespearehascreatedtension,ambiguity,aself-consciousandself-delightingartificethatis
11、atonceintellectuallyexcitingandemotionallyengaging喜剧中最重要的一部是威尼斯商人,在这部戏剧中,莎士比亚创造了紧张、模糊、自我意识和自娱自乐的技巧,在智力上令人兴奋,在情感上引人入胜TheMerchantofVenice:ThetraditionalthemeoftheplayistopraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonioandBassanio,toidealizePortiaasaheroineofgreatbeautyzwitandIoyaltyzandtoexposetheinsatiablegreedandb
12、rutalityoftheJew传统的戏剧主题是赞美安东尼奥和巴萨尼奥之间的友谊,将鲍西娅理想化为一个美丽、机智和忠诚的女主人公,揭露犹太人的贪欲和残暴ThesuccessfulromantictragedyisRomeoandJuliet,whicheulogizesthefaithfulnessofloveandthespiritofpursuinghappiness.Theplayzthoughatragedy,ispermeatedwithoptimisticspirit.成功的浪漫悲剧是罗密欧与朱丽叶,讴歌了爱情的忠贞和追求幸福的精神。这出戏虽然是悲剧,却洋溢着乐观的精神。悲剧特点:
13、:Shakespearesgreatesttragediesare:Hamlet,OthellozKingLearzandMacbeth.Theyhavesomecharacteristicsincommon.莎士比亚最伟大的悲剧是:哈姆雷特、奥赛罗、李尔王和麦克白2 :Eachportrayssomenoblehero,whofacestheinjusticeofhumanlifeandiscaughtinadifficultsituationandwhosefateiscloselyconnectedwiththefateofthewholenation每一本书都刻画了一些高尚的英雄,他们
14、面对生命的不公,陷入困境,他们的命运与整个民族的命运密切相关3 :Eachherohashisweaknessofnature:每个英雄都有自己的弱点:Hamlet:themelancholicscholar-prince,facesthedilemmabetweenactionandmind;哈姆雷特,忧郁的学者王子,面临着行动和思想的两难Othello:innerweaknessismadeuseofbytheoutsideevilforce;奥赛罗内心的弱点被外在的邪恶力量利用theoldkingLear:isunwillingtototallygiveuphispowermakeshi
15、mselfsufferfromtreacheryandinfidelity;老国王李尔王不愿完全放弃他的权力,使自己遭受背叛和不忠Macbeth:lustforpowerstirsuphisambitionandleadshimtoincessantcrimes.麦克白对权力的欲望激起了他的野心,并导致他不断犯罪Hamlet::thefirstofthegreattragedies,isgenerallyregardedasShakespearesmostpopularplayonthestage,forithasthequalitiesofa,blood-and-thunderthrille
16、randaphilosophicalexplorationoflifeanddeath伟大的悲剧之一,通常被认为是莎士比亚最受欢迎的舞台戏剧,因为它具有血淋淋的惊悚和对生命和死亡的哲学探索的特质2 :basedonawidespreadlegendinnorthernEurope.takesthebareoutlinesofRevengeTragedy基于北欧的传说。以复仇悲剧的轮廓3 :thetimelessappealofthismightydramaliesinitscombinationofintrigue,emotionalconflictandsearchingphilosophi
17、cmelancholy.这部伟大的戏剧的永恒的吸引力在于它的阴谋、情感冲突和探索的哲学忧郁的结合。情节介绍:TheplayopenswithHamletzPrinceofDenmark,appearinginamoodofworld-wearinessoccasionedbyhisfather,srecentdeathandbyhismother,shastyremarriagewithClaudius,hisfathersbrother.Whileencounteringhisfather,sghost,HamletisinformedthatClaudiushasmurderedhisfa
18、therandthentakenoverbothhisfathersthroneandwidow.Thus,Hamletisurgedbytheghosttoseekrevengeforhisfathers,foulandmostunnaturalmurder.该剧以丹麦王子哈姆雷特开场,他父亲最近去世,母亲与他父亲的弟弟克劳迪斯匆忙再婚,克劳迪斯厌世。在遇到他父亲的鬼魂时,哈姆雷特被告知克劳迪亚斯谋杀了他的父亲,然后接管了他父亲的王位和遗孀。因此,哈姆雷特被鬼魂敦促,为他父亲的肮脏和最不自然的谋杀寻求复仇。哈姆莱特性格特点:ButHamlethasnoneofthesingle-minded
19、bloodlustoftheearlierrevengers.Itisnotbecauseheisincapableofaction,butbecausethecastofhismindissospeculative,soquestioning,andsocontemplative但是哈姆雷特没有早期复仇者那种一心一意的嗜血。这并不是因为他没有行动的能力,而是因为他的思想是如此的思辨,如此的质疑,如此的沉思2 :Trappedinanightmareworldofspying,testingandplotting,Hamletisobligedtoinhabitashadowworld,tol
20、ivesuspendedbetweenfactandfiction,languageandaction被困在一个充满间谍、测试和阴谋的噩梦世界中,哈姆雷特不得不生活在一个阴影世界里,生活在事实与虚构、语言和行动之间3 :Hislifeisoneofconstantrole-playing,examiningthenatureofactiononlytodenyitspossibility,forheistoosophisticatedtodegradehisnaturetotheconventionalroleofastagerevenger他的生活就是一个不断的角色扮演,审视行动的本质,却又
21、否认其可能性,因为他太老练了,不会把自己的本性降低到一个传统的舞台复仇者的角色独白作用:soliloquyisanaturalmedium,anecessaryreleaseofhisanguish;andsomeofhisquestioningmonologuespossesssurpassingpowerandinsight.Whichhavesurvivedcenturiesofbeingtornfromtheircontext独白自语是一种自然媒介,是他痛苦的必要释放;他的一些质疑独白拥有超越的力量和洞察力。它们已经经历了几个世纪的历史TheTempest,anelaborateand
22、fantasticstory,isknownasthebestofhisfinalromances.Thecharactersareratherallegoricalandthesubjectfullofsuggestion.暴风雨是一部精心制作的奇幻小说,被认为是他最后的爱情小说中最好的一部。人物具有相当的讽喻性,主题充满暗示atypicalexampleofhispessimisticviewtowardshumanlifeandsocietyinhislateyears.是他晚年对人生和社会悲观态度的一个典型代表对社会现实的批判::Shakespeareisagainstreligiou
23、spersecutionandracialdiscrimination,againstsocialinequalityandthecorruptinginfluenceofgoldandmoney莎士比亚反对宗教迫害和种族歧视,反对社会不平等和黄金和货币的腐败影响2 :alimittohissympathyforthedowntrodden,theonlythinghecandoasahumanististoescapefromtherealitytoseekcomfortinhisdream.他对受压迫者的同情是有限的。作为一个人文主义者,他唯一能做的事情就是逃离现实,在梦中寻求安慰。3 :
24、hedoesnothesitatetodescribethecrueltyandanti-naturalcharacterofthecivilwars,buthedidnotgoallthewayagainstthefeudalrule.他毫不犹豫地描述了内战的残酷和反自然的性质,但他并没有完全反对封建统治。4 :heaffirmstheimportanceofthefeudalsysteminordertoupholdsocialorder他肯定了封建制度对维护社会秩序的重要性人物特点:ShakeSPearesmajorcharactersareindividualsrepresenting
25、certaintypes.Eachcharacterhashisorherownpersonalities莎士比亚的主要人物都是代表特定类型的个体。每个角色都有她自己的个性5 :Byapplyingapsycho-analyticalapproach,Shakespearesucceedsinexploringthecharactersinnermind通过运用心理分析的方法,莎士比亚成功地探索了人物的内心世界6 :Thesoliloquiesinhisplaysfullyrevealtheinnerconflictofhischaracters.他戏剧中的独白充分揭示了人物的内心冲突莎翁的情
26、节结构::Shakespearesplaysarewell-knownfortheiradroitplotconstruction.莎士比亚的戏剧以其娴熟的情节结构而闻名2 :Shakespeareseldominventshisownplots;instead,heborrowsthemfromsomeoldplaysorstorybooks,orfromancientGreekandRomansources.莎士比亚很少创作自己的情节;相反,他从一些古老的戏剧或故事书,或从古希腊和罗马的资源中借用它们。3 :hewouldshortenthetimeandintensifythestory
27、.Thereareusuallyseveralthreadsrunningthroughtheplay,thusprovidingthestorywithsuspenseandapprehension.为了使剧本更加生动紧凑,他会缩短时间,强化故事情节。剧中通常有好几条线索贯穿始终,从而为故事提供悬念和悬念。莎翁的语言风格:Shakespearecanwriteskillfullyindifferentpoeticforms莎士比亚能熟练地运用不同的诗歌形式写作4 :Hehasanamazingwealthofvocabularyandidiom.他拥有丰富的词汇和成语5 :Heisknown
28、tohaveused6,000differentwords.Hiscoinageofnewwordsanddistortionofthemeaningoftheoldonesalsocreatestrikingeffectsonthereader.据悉,他使用了6000个不同的单词。他创造的新词和对旧词的曲解也给读者带来了惊人的影响选读作品:Sonnet8:hehasaprofoundmeditationonthedestructivepoweroftimeandtheeternalbeautybroughtforthbypoetrytotheoneheloves.Shakespearehas
29、afaithinthepermanenceofpoetry他对时间的破坏力和诗歌给他所爰的人带来的永恒之美进行了深刻的思考。莎士比亚相信诗歌的永恒性2JohnMiltonarealrevolutionary;amasterpoet;agreatprosewriter;foughtforfreedom;hisachievementsinliteraturemakehimtoweroveralltheotherEnglishwritersofhistimeandexertagreatinfluenceoverlaterones.一位真正的革命家;一位伟大的诗人;一位伟大的散文家;为自由而战;他在文
30、学方面的成就使他超过了他那个时代的所有其他英国作家,并对后来的作家产生了巨大的影响Miltonsliteraryachievementscanbedividedintothreegroups:theearlypoeticworks,themiddleprosepamphletsandthelastgreatpoems.弥尔顿的文学成就可分为三类:早期的诗歌作品,中期的散文小册子和晚期的伟大诗歌。InhisearlyworkszMiltonappearsastheinheritorofallthatwasbestinElizabethanliterature.早期的作品中,弥尔顿似乎继承了伊丽莎
31、白时代文学的精华。1.ycidas(637)isatypicalexample:利西达斯(637)是一个典型的例子:composedforacollectionofelegiesdedicatedtoEdwardKingwhowasdrownedintheIrishSea;为一首哀歌集而作,献给在爱尔兰海中淹死的爱德华金2 :Thepoembeginswithgriefandafeelingofimmaturity;thenthegriefisdeepenedbythesenseofirrecoverablelossinthesilencingofayoungpoet.诗以悲伤和不成熟的感觉开
32、始;年轻诗人的沉默所带来的不可挽回的损失加深了这种悲伤。3 :Thepoemmovesfromasadapprehensionofdeath,throughregret,topassionatequestioning,rage,sorrowandacceptance.Thefeelingsbegininalowkeybutmoveontothelargequestionsofdivinejusticeandhumanaccountability.这首诗从一种对死亡的悲伤恐惧,通过遗憾,到充满激情的质疑,愤怒,悲伤和接受。这种感觉一开始很低调,但后来转向了神的正义和人类的责任等大问题。4 :Th
33、eclimaxofthepoemistheblisteringattackontheclergy,i.e.theshepherds/1whoarecorruptedbyself-interest这首诗的高潮是对神职人员的猛烈攻击,也就是牧羊人,他们被自身利益所腐化。Areopagitica(644)isprobablyhismostmemorableprosework.Itisagreatpleaforfreedomofthepress.Comparedwiththetoughstyleoftheotherprosework,itisrathersmoothandcalm.论出版自由(644)
34、可能是他最令人难忘的散文作品。这是对新闻自由的强烈呼吁。与其他散文作品的硬朗风格相比,这篇文章相当流畅、沉稳。ParadiseLostisalongepicdividedinto2books:失乐园是一部长篇史诗,分为2卷。(主题):TheoriginalstoryistakenfromGenesis3:-24oftheBible.Thethemeisthe,FallofMan,mansdisobedienceandthelossofParadise,withitsprimecause-Satan最初的故事取自圣经创世纪3:-24o主题是人类的堕落,即人类的不服从和天堂的丧失,以及它的主要原因
35、撒旦。2 (梗概):ThepoemgoesontotellhowSatantookrevengebytemptingAdamandEve,thefirsthumanbeingscreatedbyGodztoeatfruitformthetreeofknowledgeagainstGod,sinstructions.Fortheirdisobedience,AdamandEveweredrivenoutofParadise.TheyweresorryforwhattheyhaddoneandprayedtoGod.Inthelastbooktheyweregiventhehopeforredem
36、ption.这首诗接着讲述了撒旦如何报复上帝,引诱亚当和夏娃上帝创造的第一个人类违背上帝的指示吃智慧树的果子。因为他们的不服从,亚当和夏娃被赶出了天堂。他们为自己的所作所为感到抱歉,并向上帝祈祷。3 (意义):intendingtoexposethewaysofSatanandtojustifythewaysofGodtomen.”AtthecenteroftheconflictbetweenhumanloveandspiritualdutyliesMiltonsfundamentalconcernwithfreedomandchoice;thefreedomtosubmittoGodspro
37、hibitiononeatingtheappleandthechoiceofdisobediencemadeforlove.意图揭露撒旦的方式,并证明上帝对人的方式是正确的。在人类的爱和精神上的责任之间的冲突的中心是弥尔顿对自由和选择的基本关注;服从上帝禁止吃苹果的自由,以及为爱而做出的不服从的选择。ParadiseRegainedshowshowmankind,inthepersonofChristzwithstandsthetempterandisestablishedoncemoreinthedivinefavor.Christ,stemptationinthewildernessist
38、hetheme,andMiltonfollowstheaccountinthefourthchapterofMatthew,sgospel.复乐园显示了人类如何以基督为化身,抵挡诱惑,并在神的恩典下再次建立。基督在荒野中的试探是主题,弥尔顿在马太福音的第四章中遵循了这一叙述。SamsonAgonistes::MiltonagainborrowshisstoryfromtheBible.弥尔顿再次借用了圣经中的故事2 :heturnstoamorevitalandpersonaltheme.ThepictureofIsraelsmightychampion,blindzalone,afflict
39、edbythoughtlessenemiesbutpreservinganobleidealtotheend,他转向了一个更重要、更个人化的主题。以色列伟大的捍卫者,失明,孤独,被鲁莽的敌人所折磨,却始终保持着崇高的理想3 :ThepoetsaimwastopresentinEnglishapuretragedy,withallthepassionandrestraintwhichmarkedtheoldGreekdramas.诗人的目的是要用英语表现一种纯粹的悲剧,把古希腊戏剧的全部激情和克制都表现出来4 :ThewholepoemstronglysuggestsMilton,spassio
40、natelongingthathetoocouldbringdestructiondownupontheenemyatthecostofhisownlife.Inthissense,SamsonisMilton.整首诗强烈地暗示了弥尔顿热切的渴望,他也能以自己的生命为代价,给敌人带来毁灭。从这个意义上说,参孙就是弥尔顿。二:NeOClaSSiCaIQ660-1798)新古典主义3DanielDefoe,TheShortestWaywiththeDissentersnbroughthimintojailandmadehimgothroughpublicexposureinthepillory,成
41、为异教徒的捷径(702年)使他进了监狱,并使他在被公开羞辱。TheTrue-bornEnglishmanwonhimfriendshipfromtheking.真正的英国人则使他赢得了国王的友谊。In704zhefoundedTheReview,apolitical,literaryperiodicalandcarrieditto73.Hewroteandeditedeveryissuehimself704年,他创办了评论,一份政治、文学期刊,并一直持续到73年。每一期都是他亲自撰稿和编辑。attheageofnearly60,hestartedhisfirstnovelRobinsonCru
42、soe,whichwasanimmediatesuccess.Inthefollowingyearszhewrotefourothernovels:CaptainSingleton(720),MollFlanders(722),ColonelJack(722)andRoxana(724),apartfromthesecondandthethirdpartofRobinsonCrusoeandapseudo-factualaccountoftheGreatPlaguein664-665,AJournalofthePlagueYear(722).在他将近60岁的时候,他开始写他的第一部小说鲁滨逊漂
43、流记,这部小说立即获得了成功。在接下来的几年里,除了鲁滨逊漂流记的第二部和第三部,以及664-665年大瘟疫纪要(722)之外,他还写了其他四部小说:辛格尔顿船长(720)、莫尔弗兰德斯(722)、杰克上校(722)和罗克萨娜(724)。Hisrestfournovels:dealwithpersonalhistoryofsomeheroorheroine,usuallyawhorezapirate,apickpocket,arogueorsomeothercriminal.他的其余四部小说讲述的是一些男女主人公的个人历史,通常是一个妓女、一个海盗、一个扒手、一个流氓或其他罪犯。2 :Thei
44、rhistoryistracedfromtheirunfortunatechildhood,throughtheirmanyvicissitudesinlife,totheirfinalprosperityorrepentanceanddeath.他们的历史可以追溯到他们不幸的童年,经历了人生的沧桑,直到他们最后的繁荣或悔恨和死亡。3 :Theall-powerfulinfluenceofmaterialcircumstancesorsocialenvironmentuponthethoughtsandactionsoftheheroortheheroineishighlighted.突出了物
45、质环境或社会环境对男女主人公思想和行为的全能影响。4 :Thestruggleofthepoorunfortunateformereexistence,mixedwiththeirdesireforgreatwealth,comesintoconflictwiththesocialenvironmentandthusforcesthemintocriminalactionsorboldadventures.不幸的穷人仅仅为生存而进行的斗争,加上他们对巨额财富的渴望,与社会环境发生冲突,从而迫使他们采取犯罪行动或大胆的冒险。Flanderssays:VicecameinalwaysattheDo
46、orofNecessity,notattheDoorofInclination.佛兰德斯所说:邪恶总是在必然之门而不是在倾向之门而来。Roxanasaysinself-defence:HonestyisoutofthequestionwhenStarvationistheCase.1罗克珊娜自卫时说:在饥饿的情况下,诚实是不可能的。ThegroupoffournovelsclearlymanifestDefoe,sdeepconcernforthepoorandtheunfortunateinhissociety.Theyarethefirstliteraryworksdevotedtothe
47、studyofproblemsofthelower-classpeople.这四部小说清晰地表达了笛福对社会中穷人和不幸人群的深切关怀。他们是第一批致力于研究下层人民问题的文学作品。创作特点:ASamemberofthemiddleclass,Defoespokeforandtothemembersofhisclassandhisnovelsenjoyedgreatpopularityamongthelesscultivatedreaders.作为中产阶级的一员,笛福为他的阶级成员说话,为他们说话,他的小说在没有文化的读者中很受欢迎2 :Inmostofhisworks,hegavehispr
48、aisetothehard-working,sturdymiddleclassandshowedhissympathyforthedowntrodden,unfortunatepoor.在他的大部分作品中,他赞扬了勤劳、坚强的中产阶级,并对被压迫者、不幸的穷人表示同情。3 :averygoodstory-tellero很会讲故事的人4 :Hehadagiftfororganizingminutedetailsinsuchavividwaythathisstoriescouldbebothcredibleandfascinating他有一种天赋,能以如此生动的方式组织细节,使他的故事既可信又引人入胜。5 :Hissentencesaresometimesshor