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1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目：AnAnalySiSOfthnEffieiCnCyandCOmPVtitiVenCSSOfVietnameSePOrtSyStem出处DCPartmentOfMaritimeBUSineSS作者：Virlh3ThaiandDeVinderGWVVH原文：AnAnalysisoftheefficiencyandCompetitivenessofVietnamesePortSystembyVinhVanThaiandDevinderGrewalABSTRACTPorts,asoneoftheimportantlinksbetweendifferentmodesoftr
2、ansportwithinthelogisticschain,havespecialessencesincetheirefficiencyandcompetitivenesswillcertainlyhaveanimpactonthechain,andhencethenationalandregionaleconomy.Vietnam,asadevelopingcountrygraduallyintegratingintotheregionalandglobaleconomy,isrationalizingitseconomicsectors,includingtransportation.I
3、nthisenvironment,portsplayavitalroleforthepurposeofachievingcomparativeadvantagesintheinternationalmarket.However,theVietnameseportsystemisburdenedwithoutdatedworkpractices,lowefficiencyandpoorcompetitivenesscomparedtootherportsintheregion.ThispaperidentifiessomeoftheproblemsintheVietnameseportsyste
4、mandproposesstrategiestoaddressthem.Keywords:Vietnam,port,efficiency,competitiveness,analysisINTRODUCTIONThepaperisorganizedinfourmainsections.ThefirstpartsetsthegeneralbackgroundandoverviewonportgeographyinVietnam.ThesecondsectionaddressestheissuesofefficiencyandcompetitivenessoftheVietnameseportsy
5、stem.Thethirdpartproposessomedevelopmentstrategiesbasedonpreviousdiscussions,followedbythelastsectionthatsumsupthepaper.GeneralbackgroundVietnamislocatedintheIndochinapeninsulainSouthEastAsiaandsharestheborderswithChinaintheNorth,LaosandCambodiaintheWestandhasherEastcoastfacingtheSouthChinaSea.Theco
6、untryissituatedwithinthetropicalzoneandhasatropicalmonsoonclimate.AsVietnamisanarrowandlongcountrystretchingfromthesouthofChinadowntotheGulfofThailand,theseasonsalsovaryfromthenorthtothesouthofthecountry.Inthenorth,therearevisiblyfourseasons;however,thesouthernpartofthecountryexperiencesonlytwoseaso
7、nsallyearround,namelythetropicaldryandthetropicalwet.Asfarastidalregimesareconcerned,portsinthenorthseemainlythediurnaltidalregimewhileinthecentralregionthereisacombinationofsemi-diurnal,irregularsemi-diurnalandirregulardiurnalregimes.Inthesouth,thetidalregimesinexistencearesemi-diurnalandirregulars
8、emi-diurnal.BriefoverviewonportgeographyinVietnamVietnamhasmorethan3,OOOkiIometresofcoastlinestretchingfromnorthtosouthofthecountry.TheVietnameseportsystemconsistsofbothportsalongthecoastlineandtheoneslocatedonrivers.AccordingtoVietnamMaritimeBureau(VINAMARINE,2023),therearecurrentlymorethan90portsw
9、hichcanreceivevesselsoninternationalvoyagesandseveraldozenofotherportsforinternaltrade.TheVietnamPortAssociation(VPA),whichnowhas40membersallofwhomarecapableofservingvesselsoninternationalvoyages,hastheannualcargothroughputofmorethan80%ofthecountry,stotal.AnalysisoftheVietnamesePortSystemInthisparto
10、fthestudytheefficiencyandcompetitivenessoftheVietnameseportsystemwillbeanalysedanddiscussed.Themainissuesinvolvingportinstitutionalandadministrativeregimes,aswellasportoperationandmanagementwillbecoveredtorevealthecontemporaryproblemsasfarasefficiencyandcompetitivenessareconcerned.Wherenecessary,com
11、parisonwillbeconductedbetweentheVietnameseportsandsomeothersintheASEANandESCAPregiontofurtherillustratetheanalysisanddiscussion.InstitutionalandadministrativeissuesFromaholisticpointofview,theinstitutionalandadministrativeissuesofaportsystemareveryimportanttoprovideinitialinformationaboutitsefficien
12、cyandcompetitiveness.Inthissection,differentcategoriesofportmanagementbodyaswellastheroleofportauthoritiesinVietnamwillbeanalysedanddiscussed.PortmanagementbodyinVietnamTheportmanagementsysteminVietnamisverydiversified.Examplesinclude:VINAMARINE,WhiChisunderdirectcontrolandmanagementoftheMinistryofT
13、ransport,managesthreeports-NgheTinhPort,QuiNhonPortandNhaTrangPort.VINALINES(VietnamNationalShippingLines),whichisalsounderdirectcontrolandmanagementoftheMinistryofTransport，isthestate-ownedcompanyresponsibleforshippingactivitiesinVietnam.Itmanages:HaiPhongPortandQuangNinhPortinthenorth,DaNangPortin
14、thecentral,SaiGonPortandCanThoPortinthesouth.1.ocalgovernments,suchascitiesandprovinces,alsotakepartinportmanagement.Forinstance,BenNghePortisdirectlyundersupervisionandmanagementofDepartmentofTransportandPublicWorksofHoChiMinhCity.Somestate-ownedcorporations,whichareundercontrolofprovincesandcities
15、,alsomanageports.ThisisthecaseofHonKhoiPortmanagedbyasaltcompanyundercontrolofPeople,sCommitteeofKhanhHoaprovince.TheparticipationofprivatesectorinportmanagementinVietnamisstillverylimited.Nationally,thereareonlytwoportsthathavetheprivatesector,sparticipationsofar:BaRiaSereceinPhuMy(VungTauprovince)
16、asthejoint-venturebetweenNorway,FrenchandVietnamesepartners;VICTasthejoint-venturebetweenNOLofSingapore,Mitsui&Co.ofJapanandSouthernWaterborneTransportCompanyofVietnam.TheseportsareunderdirectcontrolandmanagementofbothMinistryofTransportandMinistryofPlanningandInvestment.TheroleofPortAuthorityThedef
17、initionoftermportauthority,anditsfunctionsinVietnamisverydifferentfromothercountriesintheworld.In1977,aportauthoritywasdefinedasState,Municipal,publicorprivatebody,whichislargelyresponsibleforthetasksofconstruction,administrationandsometimestheoperationofportfacilitiesand,incertaincircumstances,fors
18、ecurity*(WorldBankPortReformToolkit,2023).Thisdefinitionissufficientlybroadtoaccommodatethevariousportmanagementmodelsexistingintheworld.Italsoindicatesthattheportauthorityplaysanimportantstrategicrolewithwideresponsibilities.Inmostcases,theportauthorityisthelandowneranditcanworkoutgeneralguidelines
19、forstrategicdevelopmentofownedportsandterminals.PortoperationandmanagementInparallelwithinstitutionalandadministrativeissuesidentifiedabove,variousoperationalandmanagementproblemsatselectedkeyportscanalsobeenidentified.PricingpolicyThepracticeofmaritimeduesandfeesatportsinVietnamisalsoasdiversifieda
20、stheportadministrationandmanagementsystem.Currentframeworkoffeesandduesareregulatedbydifferentgovernmentagenciesasfollows:TheMinistryofFinanceregulatesratesfortonnagefee,aids-to-navigation(ATN)fee,wharfageanddocumentaryfee.TheGovernmentsPricingCommitteeregulatesratesforpilotage,tugservice,mooringand
21、unmooring,wharfage(elaboratedfromratesregulatedbyMinistryofFinance),openingandclosinghatches,cleaningofhatches,rubbishcollection,watersupply,tallying,cargohandlingcharge,cargostoragechargeandequipmenthire/leasing.TariffanalysisThefollowingtablesindicateacomparativeanalysisbetweentwocasesof3,000TEUcl
22、assshipand1,100TEUclassshipvisitingportsintheESCAPregion.Porttariffiscomparedintermsofbothnominalexchangerateandpurchasingpowerparity.ProductivityInordertofurtherexaminetheefficiencyofcurrentVietnameseports,itisnecessarythatsomekeyperformanceindicatorsareanalysed.Thefollowingrecordsindicatecurrentha
23、ndlingproductivityinnormalworkingconditions:ItcanbeclearlyseenfromtheabovethathandlingproductivityatkeyVietnameseports,withtheexceptionofVICT,isstillrelativelylowcomparedwithotherASEANportsintheregionwhichcanreachabout25boxesperunitcranepernetworkinghour.Thiscanbepartlyexplainedbytheabsenceofspecial
24、izedhandlingequipmentlikeship-to-shoregantrycranesatsomeports,skillsofcranedrivers,aswellasinternalmanagementproblems.Handlingproductivityatthequayisveryimportantsinceitdirectlyrelatestothevessel,sturnaroundtimeinports,meaningtheeconomicjustificationforshipoperators.However,portsalsohavearesponsibil
25、itytoensureefficiencyintheirlandsideoperationstosustainanybenefitsofefficiencyinquaysideoperations.AdministrativeproceduresVietnameseportsareknownfortheircumbersomeadministrativeproceduresforshipsusingtheirservices.BeforethePrimeMinister,sDecreeNo.552023QD-TTgdated23/04/2002onreformofadministrativep
26、roceduresatseaportscameintoeffecton01/07/2023withexperimentalapplicationatSaiGonPort,theship,sagentneededtogathermorethan30typesofdocumentsforashiptovisitVietnameseports.Moreover,itwasalsotime-consumingsincehehadtoarrangehimselftopickupallrelatedagenciessuchasportauthority,customs,immigration,medica
27、lofficeretcforthesameshipandtakethemonboard.Inpractice,ittookabouthalfdaytogatherallnecessaryrelatedagencies,andaboutthesameamountoftimetobringthemonboardandfinishthejob.Thislengthenedtheships*waitingtime.Thereformofadministrativeproceduresatseaportsstipulatedthattheportauthorityistheagencytocoordin
28、atewithallotherrelatedagencies,andtheship,sagentonlyneedstosubmitnecessarydocumentstotheportauthority.Asaresultofthesereforms,inHoChiMinhCityarea,thenumberofvesselcallshasincreasedby30%afteroneyearofimplementation.However,suchareformhastobeextendedtoallotherports.EquipmentandfacilitiesFacilitiesande
29、quipmentmakeupthe4hardwareofanyportsandterminals.Althoughtheycannotprovideanactualjudgmentasproductivityandutilizationindicatorstheyarestillimportantfactorstoevaluatethesuitabilityandcapacityofportsandterminalsinresponsetocustomers,requirements.Thefollowingtableprovidesasummaryoffacilitiesandequipme
30、ntatselectedkeyports.VietnamisstillatthepreliminarystageofcontainerisationcomparedwithotherASEANportsintheregion,andtheaverageshareofcontainerisedcargoatportsisstillmodest(about30%).TheratioofcontainerisedcargothroughVietnameseportsin1995wasmerely18.7%,yetithasincreasedto25.8%in2023and28.2%in2023(AE
31、AN,2023).Ifwecomparethistendencywithcurrentinvestmentinspecializedhandlingequipmentforcontaineroperationatports,thereappearsnon-equivalencebetweengrowingdemandandcurrentcapacity.AscanbeseenfromTable12,thereareonlyeightship-to-shoregantrycranesand21RTGsforyardhandlingatthemomentinVietnam,nationwide.E
32、quipmentforhandlingbreak-bulkandgeneralcargoisout-of-dateanddeliverslowproductivity;someofthem,suchasKIROVcranesatHaiPhongPort,havebeeninoperationfordecades.Software:ITandEDIapplicationToday,ITandEDIinshippingandportoperationandmanagementarevitalandmakeupthe“soft-wareorthe44Infbrmationstructureofany
33、portorterminal.Theadvantagesofsuchsoftwarearetoeliminatehumanerror,savetime,simplifyproceduraldocumentsandtoenhanceoverallefficiencybytheaccuraterelayofinformationanddata.Moreover,ITandEDIalsobringaboutthetangibleadvantageoflayingthefoundationforecommerceandbusinessinportsandterminals.Theapplication
34、ofITandEDIinportsandterminalscanbebroadlyidentifiedattwolevels:Internalmanagementsystem:thismeansallrelateddepartmentsandsectionswithinaportarelinkedwitheachother.Informationanddatafromallusersandclientsoftheportentersagateandisrelayedtorelevantareasforfurtherprocessing/planning.Thesystemallowsallop
35、erationalactivitiestobeplannedfromonesourceofinformation.1.inkswithusersandclients,suchascustoms,shippinglines,forwarders,shippers,consignees,andexternallogisticsproviders.Inthissense,multipleentryanderrorsare,asmuchaspossible,eliminatedsincealldocumentsaretransmittedelectronically,andeachuserisable
36、toaccessinformationasneeded.Thisincludespre-arrivalinformationlikecargomanifests,crewlists,etctobesubmittedtotheportandcustoms.HinterlandconnectionTheport,shinterlandisdefinedastheareabehindtheportinwhichtotallogisticscostfortheshipmentcomingto/fromitistheminimumcomparedwithotherrivalports.Thisareai
37、salsoshapedbycustomerbaseswhichareattractedbytheefficiencyoftheports,services.Themeansofconnectionofaporttoitshinterlandincluderoad(highway),railwayandInlandWater-way(IW).Sinceaportcanbeconnectedwithitshinterlandbyroad,railorinlandwaterway,thetotallogisticscostoftheshipmentisinfluencedbythefollowing
38、factors:Theroadconditionandanyhindrances(tollstations,trafficcongestionstatus)thatwillaffecttheshipmenfstransittimeandcostsWhetherthehighway,railwayandIWtotheportarelinkedwiththeregionalornationaltrafficnetworks.Thecompetitionlevelsbetweenmodesoftransport.Regulatoryrequirementsonthemodesoftransport(
39、environmental,operational,societal,etc)CoordinationofactivitiesOneofthemainindicatorsusedtoevaluatetheflexibilityandreliabilityofaportisthecoordinationofrelatedactivities,suchastugoperations,pilotage,cargooperations,banking,logisticsandemergencyservices.Thebusinessprocessflowsoftheseactivitiesmustbe
40、linkedwithanormalday,soperations.Fromthis,respectiveactivitywithnon-coordinatedtimecanbeidentified,andthiscanpartlyreflecttheflexibilityandreliabilityofaport.PortsinHoChiMinhCityareacontributeabout75%ofthenationalcontainerthroughputannually,andtheyarecompetingfiercelytogainmoremarketshare.Thishighle
41、velofcompetitionhasledtheseportstodevelopsimilarbusinessandworkprocedures,relativetothetimetakenforeachprocedure.Theyaregroupedasoneinthefollowingcomparisontable.HumanresourcedevelopmentHumanresourceisacrucialassetofanycompany.Thisis,ironically,alsotheissueonwhichefficiencyandcompetitivenessofportop
42、erationandmanagementdepend.Overstaffingisoneoftheelementsofthisissue.WiththeexceptionofPhuMyPortandVICT,whichareintheprivatesector,allotherVietnameseportsarestate-ownedenterprises(SOE).BeingSOEs,theirmaingoalsweretraditionallytoperformthepoliticalduties,forthecountry.Portsaretraditionallyseenaslarge
43、employers.Regardlessoftheireconomicobjectives,portsinVietnamhavebeenoperatingforalongtimeunderthissituation.Thisisunderstandablesince,inthepast,theeconomicmechanismwascentrallyplannedandcontrolledbythegovernmentandstate-ownedportenterprisesdidnotfunctionproperlyaseconomicentitiesinwhichtheycandecide
44、strategiesontheirown.SomeSuggestedStrategiesThefollowingstrategiesaresuggestedforenhancingmanagementeffectivenessandoperationalefficienciesintheportsysteminVietnam:PortinstitutionalreformandadministrationimprovementPortsareclearlyclassifiedaccordingtotheirfunctions.Theclassificationshouldtakeintoacc
45、ountspecificcriteria,forinstance,functions,typesofcargohandledandthesizeoftheirservicearea.Inthissense,portscanbeinitiallygroupedasgatewayportsofthecountry(forexample,HaiPhongfortheNorth,DaNangfortheCentralandSaiGonfortheSouth).Otherportsofthecountrycanthenbeclassifiedfurtherasregionalports,i.e.QuiN
46、honfortheSouthernCentralandHighlandregion.ImprovementofportoperationandmanagementHandlingproductivityandutilizationoffacilitiesshouldbefurtherimprovedto,atleast,thesameasregionalstandards.Inthisrespect,KeyPerformanceIndicatorsshouldbeestablishedforallports.Suchasystemwillhelptocontrolandevaluateperf
47、ormancefrombothquantifiableandnon-quantifiableperspectives.Allportsshouldfurtherimprovetheirfunction-timereliabilityforallport-relatedactivities,foroperatingonaround-the-clockbasis.Portandterminastariffshouldbefurtherrestructuredandre-institutionalisedfortheunificationandcreationofmoreincentivestoat
48、tractmorevesselsbesidestheobjectiveofcompetitiveness.Thetariffsshouldbeconsolidatedandsimplified.TheexperimentalapplicationofreformonadministrativeproceduresatVietnameseportsshouldbewhollyappliedtotheremainingportsofthecountrytosimplifydocumentaryproceduresforvesselsenteringandexitingVietnameseports
49、andwaters.ITandEDIshouldbeintensivelyappliedinportoperationandmanagement,especiallythePortInformationCentretofacilitateadvantageoustransactionsbetweentheportandportsusersandclients.Theportitselfshouldleadingatheringallpartiesconcernedtoestablishsuchasystembasedontheirspecificrequirementsandallocationofauthorisation.Inthisrespect,capacity-buildingtosupportsuchsystemsshouldbestudiedanddevelopedfirstwithinthecountry,otherwisethecostswi
