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1、美国名人作家、艺术评论家苏珊桑塔格SusanSontag,1933-2004:OneofAmerica,SMostInfluentialThinkersoftheTwentiethCenturyplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-15:51repeatByJiIIMoss2009-1-3VOICEONE:mBarbaraKlein.VOICETWO:AndmSteveEmberwithPeopleinAmericainVOASpecialEnglish.Todaywetellaboutawriterwhohelpedinfluencemodernculture.Hername
2、wasSusanSontag.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:SusanSontagSusanSontagwasconsideredoneofthemostinfluentialliberalthinkersintheUnitedStatesduringthetwentiethcentury.Shewroteseventeenbooks.Theyhavebeentranslatedintothirtylanguages.Theyincludenovels,shortstories,essaysandfilmscripts.Shewasalsoafilmmaker;playwrightandth
3、eaterdirector.Andshewasahumanrightsandanti-waractivist.Shewassaidtoownfifteenthousandbooksinherpersonallibraryinherhome.ShewasbornSusanRosenblattinNewYorkCityinnineteenthirty-three.Herfather,JackRosenblatt,wasatraderinChina.SusansmotherspentmostofhertimeinChinawithherhusband.FamilymembersraisedSusan
4、andheryoungersister,Judith,whentheywereveryyoung.WhenSusanwasfive,herfatherdiedoftuberculosis.HermotherreturnedfromChinaandmovedthegirlstoTucson,Arizona.There,MissusRosenblattmetNathanSontag.ThecouplemarriedandthefamilymovedtoLosAngeles,California.VOICETWO:SusanSontagwasanextremelyintelligentchild.S
5、hecouldreadbyagethree.Shefinishedhighschoolattheageoffifteen.Twoyearslater,SusancompletedhercollegeeducationattheUniversityofChicagoinIllinois.Whileattheuniversity,sheattendedaclasstaughtbyPhilipRieff.Hewasatwenty-eightyearoldexpertonhumansocietyandsocialrelationships.Thetwoweremarriedinnineteenfift
6、y,tendaysaftertheyfirstmet.Susanwasseventeenyearsold.ThecouplemovedtoBoston,Massachusetts.Innineteenfifty-two,theyhadason,David.Hegrewuptobecomeawriterandtheeditorofhismothersworks.VOICEONE:SusanSontagcompletedtwomastersdegreesfromHarvardUniversityinCambridge,Massachusetts.ThefirstwasinEnglish;these
7、condwasinphilosophy.ShealsobeganadoctorateprograminreligionatOxfordUniversityinEngland.However,shenevercompletedthatprogram.SusanandPhilipendedtheirmarriageinnineteenfifty-eight.Severalmonthslater,SusanmovedwithhersontoNewYorkCity.Sheheldseveraljobsteachingatuniversitiesandwriting.VOICETWO:SusanSont
8、agbeganherprofessionallifewritingcreativeliterature.Shepublishedherfirstbookinnineteensixty-three.ItwasanexperimentalnovelcalledTheBenefactor.Itexamineddreamsandhowpeoplethink.Fouryearslater,shepublishedhersecondnovel,calledDeathKit.ThestoryincludedsharpcriticismoftheUnitedStatesinvolvementintheViet
9、namWar.Sontagwroteseveralbooksofcreativeliterature.Yet,shebecamefamousforhercriticalessaysthatexamineddifferentkindsofsocialandartisticissues.Shewroteseriousstudiesaboutpopularartforms.Shewroteessaysaboutbooks,moviesandphotography.Shealsowroteessaysaboutsickness.VOICEONE:Innineteensixty-four,shewrot
10、eanessaycalledNotesonCamp.Itwasanimmediatesuccessthatmadeherfamous.Campisaformofartorpopularculturethatishumorousbecauseitispurposelybad,falseorcommon.Intheessay,Sontagarguedthatapieceofartmaybebadyetconsideredgoodifitcreatesemotionalfeelingsinthepersonlookingatit.Theessayalsoincludedtheideaaboutpop
11、ularculturethatsomethingcanbesobaditisgood.NotesonCampisstillwidelyreadtoday.VOICETWO:Innineteensixty-nine,SusanSontagwroteTheStyleofRadicalWill.Itexploredmoderncultureincludingdrugs,filmandmusic.Sheoncesaidittookbetweenninemonthstoayeartowriteonethirty-pageessay.Hercollectionofsixessaysaboutphotogr
12、aphyasanartformtookfiveyearstowrite.OnPhotographywaspublishedinnineteenseventy-seven.ItreceivedtheNationalBookCriticsCircleAwardforcriticism.Heressaysexploredthevalueofthephotographicimageandtheactofpicturetakinginmodernculture.Photographs,shewrote,haveshapedhowpeopleseetheworld.Shewrotethatphotogra
13、phsmakeusunabletosympathizewithhumansuffering.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:Inthenineteenseventies,SusanSontaglearnedshehadbreastcancer.Doctorsdidnotexpecthertosurvive.However,shewentthroughaseriesofdifficulttreatmentsandshesurvived.Herexperiencewiththediseasebecamethesubjectofoneofhermostfamousworks.IllnessasMet
14、aphorwaspublishedinnineteenseventy-eight.Ametaphorisawordorphrasethatusuallymeansonethingandisusedtomeananotherthing.IllnessasMetaphorisacriticalstudyofmodernlife.Sontagarguedthatmodernculturecreatesmythsorstoriesaboutsickness.Shealsocriticizedthelanguagethatpeopleusewhentheytalkaboutsickness-suchas
15、battlingadiseaseorthewaroncancer.Sontagfeltthesetermsmadesickpeoplefeelresponsiblefortheircondition.Herbookgavereadersthepowertodemandmoreinformationfromdoctors.Tenyearslater;sheextendedheropinionstothediseaseAIDS.HershortstoryHowWeLiveNowwaspublishedinnineteeneighty-sixintheNewYorkermagazine.Herboo
16、kAIDSanditsMetaphorswaspublishedtwoyearslater.Itwasaboutthesocialandpersonaleffectsofthedisease.SusanSontagwasalsopoliticallyactive.Duringthelatenineteeneighties,sheservedaspresidentoftheAmericangroupofaninternationalwritersorganization.Sheledanumberofcampaignstosupportoppressedandimprisonedwritersa
17、roundtheworld.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:Inherlaterlife,SusanSontaggrewtiredofwritingessaysandcriticalstudies.Innineteenninety-twoshewroteahistoricallovestory.Thenovel,calledTheVolcanoLover,spenttwomonthsontheNewYorkTimeslistofbest-sellingbooks.ThestoryisaboutaneighteenthcenturyBritishdiplomatinItaly,hiswifean
18、dherfamouslover.Intwothousand,Sontagwasaccusedofcopyingtheworkofsomeoneelseinherfinalbook,calledInAmerica.Shestronglydeniedtheaccusations.InAmericaisbasedonthelifeofanineteenthcenturyPolishactress.TheactressmovestotheUnitedStatesandtriestoestablishaperfectcommunityinCalifornia.ThenovelreceivedaNatio
19、nalBookAward.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:PublicreactiontoSontagswritingswasoftendivided.Attimes,heressaysangeredreaders.Forexample,sheoncepraisedthecommunistsocietiesofCubaandNorthKorea.Yearslater,shedenouncedcommunismasaformofoppression.AftertheterroristattacksagainsttheUnitedStatesintwothousandone,Sontagwrote
20、anarticleintheNewYorkermagazinecriticalofAmericanpolicies.ShewrotethattheterroristattacksweretheresultofsomeAmericanalliancesandactions.Shealsowrotethattheattackersshouldnotbeconsideredweakbecausetheywerewillingtodie.Manypeoplecriticizedthearticle.Sontaglaterapologizedforhercomments.HerlastbookwasRe
21、gardingthePainofOthers/publishedintwothousandthree.Itwasalongessayontheimageryofwaranddisaster.OneofherlastpublishedessayswascalledRegardingtheTortureofOthers.ShewroteitintwothousandfourinreactiontothemistreatmentofIraqiprisonersbyAmericansatAbuGhraibprison.VOICETWO:SusanSontagreceivedmanyawardsinth
22、eUnitedStatesandfromothercountries.Israel,GermanyandSpainhonoredherwithawards.Intwothousandfour;twodaysafterherdeath,themayorofSarajevoannouncedthecitywouldnameastreetafterher.ThemayorcalledherawriterandahumanistwhoactivelytookpartinthecreationofthehistoryofSarajevoandBosnia.SusanSontagwasdifferentf
23、romothersocialcriticsandintellectuals.Sheoftenappearedontelevision.Shemadepublicstatements.Sheappearedinfilmsandinadvertisements.SusanSontagdiedofleukemiainNewYorkCityintwothousandfour.Shewasseventy-oneyearsold.OnecriticpraisedSusanSontagswritingeventhoughhesaidheoftendisagreedwithwhatshewrote.Hesaid:Sheshowedyouthingsyouhadnotseenbefore.Shehadawayofreopeningquestions.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:ThisprogramwaswrittenandproducedbyJillMoss.ImBarbaraKlein.VOICETWO:AndmSteveEmber.JoinusagainnextweekforPeopleinAmericainVOASpecialEnglish.
