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1、美国名人杂志作者艾达塔贝尔IdaTarbell,1857-1944:SheUsedHerReportingSkillsAgainstOneoftheMostPowerfulCompaniesintheWorldplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-17:51repeatByPaulThompson2010-4-24Photo:loc.govIdaTarbellwasoneofthemostsuccessfulmagazinewritersintheUnitedStatesduringthelastcentury.BOBDOUGHTY:PeopleinAmerica,aprogr
2、aminSpecialEnglishontheVoiceofAmerica.EveryweekwetellaboutapersonwhowasimportantinthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.TodayShirleyGriffithandRayFreemantellaboutreporterIdaMinervaTarbell.IdaTarbellwasoneofthemostsuccessfulmagazinewritersintheUnitedStatesduringthelastcentury.Shewroteimportantstoriesatatimewhe
3、nwomenhadfewsocialorpoliticalrights.SHIR1.EYGRIFFITH:IdaTarbellusedherreportingskillsagainstoneofthemostpowerfulcompaniesintheworld.ThatcompanywasStandardOil.IdaTarbellchargedthatStandardOilwasusingillegalmethodstohurtordestroysmalleroilcompanies.Sheinvestigatedtheseillegalbusinessdealingsandwroteab
4、outthemforamagazinecalledMcClures.ThereportsshewroteledtolegalcasesthatcontinuedallthewaytotheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates.(MUSIC)RAYFREEMAN:IdaTarbellwasbornintheeasternstateofPennsylvaniainNovember,eighteenfifty-seven.Herfamilydidnothavemuchmoney.Herfatherworkedhardbuthadnotbeenverysuccessful.Whe
5、nIdawasthreeyearsold,oilwasdiscoveredinthenearbytownofTitusville.Herfatherenteredtheoilbusiness.Hestruggledasasmallbusinessmantocompetewiththelargeoilcompanies.Idasmotherhadbeenaschoolteacher.ShemadesurethatIdaattendedschool.Shealsohelpedtheyounggirllearnherschoolwork.Idawantedtostudyscienceatcolleg
6、e.Mostpeopleatthattimethoughtitwasnotimportantforyoungwomentolearnanythingmorethantoreadandwrite.Mostpeoplethoughteducatingwomenwasawasteofmoney.Idasparents,however;believededucationwasimportant-evenforwomen.TheysenthertoAlleghenyCollegeinnearbyMeadville,Pennsylvania.Shewasnineteen.Ioc.govIdaTarbell
7、wasoneofthemostsuccessfulmagazinewritersintheUnitedStatesduringthelastcentury.SHIR1.EYGRIFFITH:ThosewhoknewIdaTarbellincollegesayshewouldwakeupatfouroclockinthemorningtostudy.Shewasneverhappywithherschoolworkuntilshethoughtitwasperfect.Ineighteeneighty,Idafinishedcollege.InAugustofthatyear,shegotate
8、achingjobinPoland,Ohio.Itpaidfivehundreddollarsayear.RAYFREEMAN:MissTarbelllearnedthatshewasexpectedtoteachsubjectsaboutwhichsheknewnothing.Shewasabletodosobyreadingtheschoolbooksbeforethestudentsdid.Shewasasuccessfulteacher,butthework,shedecided,wastoodifficultfortheamountshewaspaid.Soshereturnedho
9、meafteroneyear.AsmallnewspaperinthetownofMeadvillesoonofferedherajob.Manyyearslater;IdaTarbellsaidshehadneverconsideredbeingawriter.Shetookthejobwiththenewspaperonlybecausesheneededthemoney.Atfirst,sheworkedonlyafewhourseachweek.1.ater;however,shewasworkingsixteenhoursaday.Shediscoveredthatshelovedt
10、oseethingsshehadwrittenprintedinthepaper.Sheworkedveryhardatbecomingagoodwriter.SHIR1.EYGRIFFITH:MissTarbellenjoyedworkingforthenewspaper.Shediscovered,though,thatshewasinterestedinstoriesthatweretoolongforthepapertoprint.ShealsowantedtostudyinFrance.ToearnmoneywhileinParis,shedecidedshewouldwritefo
11、rAmericanmagazines.IdaTarbellfounditdifficulttoliveinPariswithoutmuchmoney.Shealsofounditdifficulttosellherworktomagazines.ThemagazineswereintheUnitedStates.ShewasinParis.Someofherstorieswereneverusedbecauseittooktoolongforthemtoreachthemagazine.Yetshecontinuedtowrite.Severalmagazinessoonlearnedthat
12、shewasaseriouswriter.RAYFREEMAN:AmannamedSamuelMcClurevisitedMissTarbellinParis.HeownedamagazinenamedMcClures.MisterMcClurehadreadseveralofherstories.HewantedhertoreturntotheUnitedStatesandworkforhismagazine.Sheimmediatelyunderstoodthatthiswasaverygoodoffer.Butshesaidno.SheproposedthatshewriteforMcC
13、luresfromParis.IdaTarbellwrotemanystoriesforMcClures.ShedidthisforsometimebeforereturningtotheUnitedStates.Herwritingwasverypopular.ShehelpedmakeMcCluresoneofthemostsuccessfulmagazinesofitsday.OneofherfirstjobsforthemagazinewasaseriesofstoriesaboutthelifeoftheFrenchEmperorNapoleon.Theserieswasprinte
14、dinMcCluresMagazineineighteenninety-four.Itwasanimmediatesuccess.Theserieswaslaterprintedasabook.Itwasverypopularforanumberofyears.SHIR1.EYGRIFFITH:HernextprojectwasaseriesaboutthelifeofAmericanPresidentAbraham1.incoln.Shebeganherresearchbytalkingwithpeoplewhohadknownhim.Sheusednothingtheytoldher,ho
15、wever;unlessshecouldproveitwastruetothebestofherability.McCluresMagazinewantedashortseriesaboutPresident1.incoln.ButIdaTarbellsserieslastedforoneyearinthemagazine.1.ikeherseriesaboutNapoleon,thePresident1.incolnstorieswereimmediatelypopular.Theyhelpedsellmoremagazines.ShecontinuedherresearchaboutPre
16、sident1.incoln.Throughtheyears,shewouldwriteeightbooksaboutPresident1.incoln.(MUSIC)RAYFREEMAN:MissTarbellsreportsabouttheStandardOilCompanyareconsideredmoreimportantthananyofherotherwritings.Hernineteen-partserieswascalledTheHistoryoftheStandardOilCompany.McCluresMagazinepublisheditbeginninginninet
17、een-oh-two.Ioc.govSheusedherreportingskillsagainstoneofthemostpowerfulcompaniesintheworld.HerreportsshowedthatStandardOilusedillegalmethodstomakeothercompanieslosebusiness.Onemethodwastoselloilinoneareaofthecountryformuchlessthantheoilwasworth.Thiscausedsmallercompaniesinthatareatofail.Theycouldnots
18、elltheiroilforthatlowapriceandstillmakeaprofit.Afteracompanyfailed,StandardOilwouldthenincreasethepriceofitsoil.Thiskindofunfaircompetitionwasillegal.SHIR1.EYGRIFFITH:MissTarbellhadtroublediscoveringinformationabouttheStandardOilCompany.Shetriedtotalktobusinessmenwhoworkedintheoilbusiness.Atfirst,fe
19、wwouldagreetotalk.TheywereafraidoftheStandardOilCompanyanditsowner;JohnD.Rockefeller.Hewasoneoftherichestandmostpowerfulmenintheworld.MissTarbellkeptseekinginformation.ShewastoldbyonemanthatRockefellerwouldtrytodestroyMcCluresMagazine.Butshedidnotlistentothethreats.ShesoonfoundevidencethatStandardOi
20、lhadbeenusingunfairandillegalmethodstodestroyotheroilcompanies.Soonmanypeoplewerehelpingherfindtheevidencesheneeded.RAYFREEMAN:IdaTarbellsinvestigationsintoStandardOilwerepartlyresponsibleforlaterlegalactionbythefederalgovernmentagainstthecompany.Thecasebeganinnineteen-oh-six.Innineteeneleven,theSup
21、remeCourtoftheUnitedStatesruledagainstStandardOilbecauseofitsillegaldealings.Thedecisionwasamajorone.Itforcedthehugecompanytoseparateintothirty-sixdifferentcompanies.JohnD.Rockefellerneverhadtoappearincourthimself.Yetthepublicfelthewasresponsibleforhiscompanysillegalactions.TheinvestigativeworkofIda
22、Tarbellhelpedformthatpublicopinion.Thatinvestigativeworkcontinuestobewhatsheisknownfor,eventhoughsomeofherlaterwritingsdefendedAmericanbusiness.Shediedinnineteenforty-four.(MUSIC)SHIR1.EYGRIFFITH:ApicturehassurvivedfromthelongagodayswhenIdaTarbelltookonthegiantStandardOilCompany.ItshowsJohnD.Rockefe
23、llerwalkingtohiscar.Itwastakenafterhiscompanyhadlostanimportantcourtbattle.Heiswearingatallblackhatandalongcoat.Helooksangry.Severalpeoplearewatchingthefamousmanfrombehindthecar.Oneisaverytallwomen.MisterRockefellerdoesnotseeher.Ifyoulookcloselyatthepicture,youcanseethefaceofIdaTarbell.Sheissmiling.Ifyouknowthestory,hersmileclearlysays:Iwon.(MUSIC)RAYFREEMAN:ThisSpecialEnglishprogramwaswrittenandproducedbyPaulThompson.mRayFreeman.SHIR1.EYGRIFFITH:AndmShirleyGriffith.JoinusagainnextweekatthistimeforanotherPEOP1.EINAMERICAprogramonVOA.
