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1、Grammar,If you put your hear into it,you will find it easy.,第一讲.时 态,英语主要靠动词本身形式的变化来表示动作的时间，副词的作用不大，语助词几乎没有。英语的句子，除少数特殊情况外，只要都离不开时态，都以一定的时态出现。换言之，只要是句子，就有时态问题。理由很简单：一个句子必须有主语和谓语动词（主要动词），而后者总是用于某一时态。学英语，时态是逃避不了的，但它并不是一个消极的因素。恰好相反，它有很强的表达力，能使句子的意思明确，能显示细微的差别，有时还能使句子生动有趣。一般英语有12种时态，即现在，过去，将来三大类，每一类中又分为一
2、般，进行，完成，完成进行4种。,第一讲.时 态,(一)现在完成时(1)构成 have/has+过去分词现在完成时的否定式/疑问式和简单回答形式:,(2)用法1.在未指明具体时间的情况下,现在完成时动词通常可以表示在说话之前已经完成,而后果或影响至尽仍存在的动作.现在完成时把过去的动作和现在的结果联系起来.过去时只限于表示过去的动作本身,与现在的结果无关.例如:1)He has gone to shanghai.(He went to shanghai and he is not here now.)他已经去上海了.2)I have opened the window.(I opened the
3、 window and the window is open now.)我已把窗户打开.3)I have bought an umbrella.(I bought an umbrella and I have it now.)我买了一把伞.4)The concert has started.(The concert started and is now going on.)音乐会已经开始.5)I have had breakfast.(I had breakfast and I am not hungry now.)我已吃过早饭.注:have gone to和have been to在意义上有
4、区别.例如:1)He has gone to Hangzhou.他到杭州去了.(他已前往杭州,或在途中,或已到达.说话人认为他现在在该地.)2)He has been to Hangzhou.他曾到过杭州.(说话人认为他过去到过杭州,现在已经不在该地.),2.现在完成时动词可以表示开始于过去持续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态.例如:1)I have studied English since 1975.我从一九七五年起就学习英语.2)They have been in Beijing since 1949.他们从一九四九年起就(住)在北京.3)He has lived here f
5、or two years.他住在这儿已经两年了.4)He has been ill for ten days.他病了十天了.注:come,go,leave,arrive,join,die,bury,和marry等动词所表示的动作是一时的,不能延续的,故不能与for,since 等开头的表示一段时间的状语连用.如不能说:*He has come to Beijing for seven years.*He has left Beijing for two years.*He has joined the Army for three years.*His father has died for
6、five months.可以说:He has been in Beijing for seven years.He has been away from Beijing for two years.He has been in the army for three years.His father has been dead for five months.或:It is seven years since he came to Beijing.It is two years since he left Beijing.It is three years since he joined the
7、 Army.It is five months since his father died.,现在完成时与一般过去时在意义上的区别举例如下:,注:现在完成时不能和明确指出时间的状语(如:yesterday,last year,in 1976,two days ago,just now,when I came in 等)连用,但可以和不明确指出时间的状语(如:already,just,yet,sometimes,always,often,before,lately,recently,once,twice,ever,never,so far,up to now,up till now,from t
8、hen on,these days/months/years等)连用;也可以和表示包括现在在内的时间状语(如:this morning,today,this week,this year等)连用.例如:1)she has already come.她已经来了.2)I havent read it yet.我还没读过这个.3)I have met him before.我从前曾见过他.4)Ma Hong has always been a good student.马红一直是个好学生.5)I have often seen him in the street.我经常在街上见到他.6)They h
9、ave never been to Yanan.他们从未去过延安.7)Have you ever been to the Daqing Oilfield?你曾去过大庆油田吗?8)I havent seen him lately.我近来没看到他.9)I have seen him this morning.我上午看见他了。(说话时在上午)试比较:I saw him this morning.今天上午遇见了他.(说话时是下午)10)It has been hot this summer.今年夏天一直很热.(说话时仍是夏天),(二)现在完成进行时(1)构成 have/has been+doing(2
10、)用法 1.现在完成进行时动词表示从过去开始一直 持续到现在的动作,这个动作 可能刚刚结束,也可能还要继续下去,常与 for two hours,since 1986,all this morning,these few days等表示一段时间的状语连用.例如:1)I have been reading all the morning.我一上午都在读书.(试与 I have read three books this morning 比较.)2)He has been staying here for two hours.他在这儿待了两个小时了.(试与He was here for two h
11、ours 比较.)3)She has been living there since 1970.她从一九七O年以来就住在这里.(试与She has lived there since 1970 比较)4)I have been writing letters.我一直在写信.(试与I have written two letters 比较.)5)Where have you been?We have been looking for you everywhere.你去哪儿了?我们一直在找你.(试与 I was looking for you everywhere 比较.)6)I have jus
12、t been watching TV.我一直都在看电视.,2.现在完成进行时动词表示一直到说话时为止的一段时间内一再重复的动作.例如:1)I have been telephoning to you several times in two days.两天内我给你打过几次电话.2)They have been drinking black tea all the afternoon.他们一下午都在喝红茶.3.现在完成进行时动词表示一直到说话时为止的一段时间内,大部分时间都在持续进行的动作(不一定延续到说话的时候),往往暗示这个动作对现状的影响.例如:1)What have you been d
13、oing this morning?(You look tried.)你今天早晨干什么了?(看来你累了.)2)You have been reading newspapers.(Newspapers are lying about in your room.)你一直在读报吧.(你的房间里到处摊着报纸.)3)You have been teaching.(Your pocket is covered with chalk dust.)你刚才在教课吧.(你口袋上有粉笔灰.),注:现在完成进行时和现在完成时都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”这一概念,有时两者可以互相代用,但前者多用于口语.在含义
14、上如着重表示动作的结果时,多用 现在完成时;如着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则多用现在完成进行时.一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时.试比较:1)I have written six letters since breakfast.从吃完早饭到现在我已经写了六封信.I have been writing letters.我一直在写信.2)I have waited for him for many times.我等他等了好几次了.I have been waiting for him for an hour.我等他等了一个小时.3)He has drunk five
15、cups of tea.他喝了五杯茶.He has been drinking tea.他一直在喝茶.4)I have read this book.我读过这本书了.I have been reading this book.我一直在读这本书.5)That follow has drunk my wine.那家伙把我的酒喝光了.That follow has been drinking my wine.那家伙一直在喝我的酒.,(三)过去完成时(1)构成 had+done(2)用法 1.过去完成时动词可以表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或呈现的状态.在强调过去某一动作发生在另一动作之前时
16、(有时两者相距很近),往往用这种时态.例如:1)By yesterday evening he had written that letter.到昨天晚上,他已写完那封信.2)By the end of last year we had built many new houses.到去年年底,我们已建了很多新房子.3)I thought I had met him before.我认为我从前见过他.4)He said that he had seen you.他说他以前见过你.5)When I came in he had finished his homework.当我进来时,他已做完了作业
17、.6)He said he had never been to Yanan.他说他从未去过延安.,2.过去完成时动词可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态,这一动作一直持 续到过去这一时刻或将继续下去.例如:1)By the middle of last month I had lived in Beijing for five years.到上月中旬,我已在北京住了五年了.2)By six oclock they had worked for eight hours.到六点为止,他们已经工作八小 时了.3)When I came to Shanghai,he had been the
18、re for a long time.我到上海时,他在那里很长时间了.3.过去完成时动词常用于间接引语和虚拟语气.,(四)过去完成进行时(1)构成 had been+doing(2)用法 过去完成进行时动词主要表示一直持续到过去某一时刻的动作.该动作可能刚结束,也可能还在进行.例如:1)I had been waiting in the parlor for some thirty minutes before he came down to see me.他下楼见我之前,我在会客室里已经等了他三十分钟.2)By the end of 2005 he had been learning Eng
19、lish for five years.But he was compelled to give up English and learn Russian instead.一直到2005年底,他都在学英语,学了五年.后来他不得不放弃英语而学俄语.3)Yesterday evening I had been watching television when Li Hua came to ask me to solve a difficult maths problem.昨天晚上我在看电视的时候,李华来找我,让我帮他解决一个数学上的难题.4)I Was tired out;I had been r
20、eading for hours at a stretch.我连续读了几个小时的书,累极了.,(五)过去将来时 过去将来时动词可以表示对过去某一时间来说将要发生的动作或呈现的状态.过 去将来时有以下几种形式:(1)should/would+do 例如:He said that he would go to Shanghai for the holiday.他说,他要到上海度假.(2)was/were going+to do 1.过去将来时动词可以表示过去曾经打算或准备要做的动作.例如:They were going to have a meeting.他们曾经打算开个会.2.过去将来时动词可以
21、表示过去的将要发生的或很有可能发生的动作.例如:I thought it was going to rain.那时我以为要下雨了.(3)was/were+to do was/were about+to do 这两种结构也可以表示某种过去将来的意义.例如:1)The foreign diplomats were to see the President.The White House was astir,making preparation.外国使节将要会见总统.整个白宫都忙着做准备.(过去将来)2)We were to finish the work in three days.我们打算三天内
22、完成任务.(过去的打算)3)I was about to go out when a friend dropped in.我刚要出去,来了一个朋友.4)He said the train was about to leave.火车马上就要来了.,(六)将来进行时(1)构成 shall/will be+doing(2)用法 1.将来进行时动词表示在将来某一段时间内正在进行的动作.例如:1)This time next week we shall be working in that factory.下星期这时候,我们将在那个工厂劳动.2)When I get up tomorrow mornin
23、g,my mother will be getting breakfast for me.当我明晨起床时,我妈妈将在为我准备早饭.2.将来进行时动词表示说话人感到某事即将发生或预计要发生某事.例如:1)I will be seeing him next month.我下个月就会看到他.2)Tomorrow we will be going to the village fair.我们明天去赶集.,3)We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July.七月份我们去海边度假.4)When will he be arriving?他什么时候到?
24、5)Will you be telephoning him tomorrow?你明天会不会给他打电话?6)He will be taking his exams next week.他下星期参加考试.7)You will be seeing Mary for the first time,wont you?你将第一次见到玛丽,是吗?注:一般将来时与将来进行时的共同点是将来,但将来进行时表示主观上某事即 将发生而不表示个人意愿.,(七)将来完成时(1)构成 shall/will+have+过去分词(2)用法 将来完成时动词主要表示在将来的某一时刻或将来的某一时刻之前完成的动作,这一动作也可能继续
25、进行.例如:1)By seven oclock this afternoon we shall have got to Shanghai if the train keeps good line.如果火车运行正常，我们今天下午七点就到上海了.2)Before bedtime Xiao Ming will have completed his work.到上床睡觉的时候,小明会做完他的工作(或作业).3)By February next year this foreign expert will have been here on this job for five years.到明年二月,这个
26、外国专家在这儿做这项工作 就满五年了.,Exercises,1.It seems oil _ from this pipe for some time.Well have to take the machine apart to put it right.A)had leaked B)is leaking C)leaked D)has been leaking 2.Great as Newton was,many of his ideas _ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.A)are to
27、challenge B)may be challenged C)have been challenged D)are challenging 3.Ever since Picassos went on exhibit,there _ large crowds at the museum every day.A)is B)has been C)have been D)are being,1.My train arrives in New York at eight oclock tonight.The plane I would like to take from there_ by then.
28、A)would leave B)will have left C)has left D)had left 2.The conference a full week by the time it ends_.A)must have lasted B)will have lasted C)would last D)has lasted 3.Its reported that by the end of this month the output of cement inthe factory_ by about 10%.A)will have risen B)has risen C)will be
29、 rising D)has been rising,4.By the end of the year all but two people_.A)have left B)will leave C)will be leaving D)will have left.5.By the end of this month,we surely _a satisfactory solution to the problem.A)have found B)will be finding C)will have found D)are finding 6.Lydia _there before she wen
30、t to New York.A)has lived B)living C)lived D)had been living,1.A thief who broke into a church was caught because traces of wax,found on his clothes,_from the sort of candles used only in churches.A)had come B)coming C)come D)that came 2.Until then,his family _ from him for six months.A)didnt hear B
31、)hasnt been hearing C)hasnt heard D)hadnt heard 3.Before the first nonstop flight made in 1949,it _ necessary for all planes to land forrefueling.A)would be B)has been C)had been D)would have been 4.We_ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.A)just have had B)have just had C)just had D)had j
32、ust had,1.While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news,it is unlikely that television _ the newspaper completely.A)replaced B)have replaced C)replace D)will replace 2.If she doesnt tell him the truth now,hell simply keep on asking her until she _.A)does B)has done C)will do D)would
33、 do 3.Sir Denis,who is 78,has made it known that much of his collection_ to the nation.A)has left B)is to leave C)leaves D)is to be left 4.If you smoke in a no-smoking section,people _.A)have objected B)objected C)must object D)will object,第二讲语 态,1.动词的语态(即主动/被动语态)判断一个句子用主动语态还是用被动语态,关键看句子的主语.主语能发出谓语的
34、动作，即 主语是谓语动词的发出者,就用主动语态,否则就用被动语态.(一)被动语态 1.构成 英语动词有主动和被动两种语态.主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者.被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者.被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成.例如:He wrote the letter.他写了信.The letter was written by him.那封信是他写的.被动语态的时态变化只变化be的形式(其变化规则与be相同),过去分词部分不变.疑问式和否定 式的变化也与be相同.现将被动语态常见的和较常见的时态变化列表如下:,疑问式:Is English spoken there?那儿说英语吗?否定式:Engl
35、ish is not spoken there.那儿不说英语.带有情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+be+过去分词 1)It must be done.这事一定要做.2)That prisoner may be shot.那个犯人可能要枪毙.带有不定式的被动语态:to be+过去分词 1)What is to be done next?下一步该干什么?2)A new hotel is going to be built near the station.车站附近要修建一所新旅馆.3)Your bike needs to be repaired.你的自行车需要修理.2.用法(1)不知道谁是动作的执行
36、者时,用被动语态.例如:1)His bike has been stolen.他的自行车被人偷走了.2)This window was smashed last night.这扇窗户昨天晚上被人打破了.(2)没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者时,用被动语态.例如:1)China was liberated in 1949.中国是一九四九年解放的.2)I was told you were late this morning.我听说你今天早上迟到了.,(3)强调或突出动作的承受者时,用被动语态.例如:1)The plan has already been made.计划已经制订好了.2)Wu Y
37、ing may be elected secretary of the Party committee.吴英可能当选为党委书记.用被动语态时，如需同时指出动作的执行者,可用介词“by+动作执行者(宾格)”这一结构.例如:1)Midnight was written by Mao Dun.是茅盾写的.2)The man was run over by a car.那个人被汽车轧了.3)This picture cant have been drawn by him.这张画不可能是他画的.注:(1)及物动词构成被动语态,不及物动词不能构成被动语态.例如:1)English is spoken in
38、 every country in the world.英语在世界各国都有人使用.(及物)2)Children sleep soundly.小孩子睡得香.(不及物)3)The patient was taken to hospital in an ambulance.病人是用救护车送往医院的.(及物)4)The little girl goes to school every day.那个小女孩每天上学.(不及物)某些不及物动词与介词或副词构成不可分割的短语时,如有宾语,可用被动语态.例如:1)The speaker was listened to carefully.人们倾听发言人的讲话.2
39、)This lesson must be gone over again.这课书必须再复习一遍.3)The Premier is thought a great deal of by the people.人们非常想念总理.,(2)“be+过去分词”结构不一定都是被动语态.有些动词(如:be,feel,seem,look等)后面的过去分词已转化为形容词,用作表语,表示某种状态.例如:1)The teacher felt pleased with her homework.老师对她的作业感到满意2)Children are easily excited.小孩容易兴奋3)We are intere
40、sted in English novels.我们对英语小说感兴趣4)You seem surprised at the news.你好象对这个消息感兴趣5)Mother looked worried about fathers long absence.看来母亲对父亲的长期在外感到担心6)The glass is broken.玻璃杯破了7)The book is well written.这本书写得很好8)The Chinese people are determined to realize the four modernizations before this century is o
41、ut.中国人民决心在本世纪末实现四个现代化9)Father is buried here.父亲葬在这里10)This bridge is called the Nanjing Yangtse River Bridge.这座桥名叫南京长江大桥11)These desks are made of wood.这些桌子是木制的.过去分词后有“by+动作执行者”就构成被动语态.例如:1)Father was buried by his comrades.父亲被同志们埋葬了.2)The glass was broken by Tom.那只玻璃杯是汤姆打碎的.3)The desks were made by
42、 those old workers.这些课桌是那些老工人做的.4)The book was written by Lu Xun.这本书是鲁迅写的.,(3)某些动词形式上是主动语态，但含有被动的意思.例如：1)This book sells well.(=is sold well)这本书畅销.2)This kind of cloth washes very well.这种布经洗.3)This pen writes quite smoothly.这支钢笔很好使.(直译:这支笔写起来流畅.)4)A new hospital is building.一所新医院在建造中.5)This fish tas
43、tes good.这鱼味道不错.6)This flower smells very sweet.这花(闻起来)很香.7)This cloth feels smooth and soft.这料子(摸起来)光滑柔软.8)This car drives fast.这辆小汽车开得快.9)This cake eats crisp.这块饼吃起来很脆.(4)把主动语态变为被动语态时,句中谓语动词变为被动语态,及物动词的宾语变为主语.某些动词(give,send,pay,tell,lend,offer,show,throw,hand,bring,buy,get,make,leave 等)有时带有两个宾语,有形
44、成两种结构的可能.例如:Someone gave me a book.(有人给我一本书.)1)I was given a book(by someone).(比较常用)2)A book was given me(by someone).,第三讲.主谓一致,1)集合名词做主语时，若指一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式，若指其中各个组成成员，谓语动词用复数形式e.g.1.Her family are waiting for her.2.My family is very large.3.The jury were in complete agreement.这样用法的词还有：army,company,c
45、ommittee,crew,firm,group,government,majority,minority,police,public,etc.2)表示人的复数名词people，personnel（全体职员）等用作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式e.g.1.The personnel are unhappy about the changes.2.Some people are never satisfied.3.The military have surrounded the building.3)表示一种物品的复数名词glasses，shorts，scissors等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式
46、e.g.1.My glasses were broken.2.Your shorts（短裤），are torn.Youd better change them.3.The scissors（剪刀）are very blunt.其他用复数表示物品的名词：clothes,compasses（圆规）,pants（裤子）,spectacles（眼镜）,trousers,4）a pair of+glasses,shorts,jeans,socks等作主语，其谓语动词用单数形式 e.g.1.I have a pair of jeans that was bought from a big shop I N
47、ew Jersey.2.This pair of shorts is made in Dalian.5)表示学科或疾病等以结尾的名词如statistics,measles,acoustics（声学）e.g.1.Statistics（统计学）is an indispensable analytical tool in modern society.2.Mathematics is a required subject at school.3.Measles（风疹）is a dangerous diseases for pregnant women.economics,electronics（电子
48、学）,genetics,mechanics（力学）,optics（光学）,phonetics,politics 6)all 若指人，谓语动词用复数形式；若指事物，谓语动词用单数形式 e.g.1.All are silent in the classroom.2.All goes well.3.All sounds very strange to me.7)none 作主语时，其后可接动词单数形式，也可接复数形式 e.g.1.None of my friends has ever been to Europe.2.None of us are perfect.3.None of the pass
49、engers were aware of the danger.Note:1.none 作主语时，如果侧重表示“所有都不”时，谓语动词多用复数形式；在表示“其中一个 也不”时，谓语动词用单数形式 2.none 在意义上相当于no one，但no one 作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，而且no one 比none 的语气强.,8)the+形容词,表示”人”时,谓语动词用复数形式;表示抽象概念时,谓语动词用单数形式.1.The rich are not always happier than the poor.2.The beautiful attracts more attention than
50、 the good.3.The black are prohibited to enter that school.Note:the+形容词相当于复数名词的有:the poor the rich the old the young the sick the dead the dying the wounded the learned 表示抽象概念的抽象名词有:the beautiful=beauty the true=truth the good=goodness the false=falsehood 9)and 连接的两个主语指同一人物或概念时,谓语动词用单数形式.1.A writer a
