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1、考研英语十二大基础语法体系,对于任何英语句子,要分析其结构,这样才能找到英语语言的规律。每种语言都有它的难点,汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言,汉字很难写,而且有四种声调。其实,许多接触过多种外语的人都认为,英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单,是最容易学的。著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过,语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。因此,学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。,一、英语动词的时态,(一)英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异:英语的词类与汉语的不同。汉语词类形态稳定,比如“书”这个字,“一本书”、“三本书”都一样,没有词形变化。英语就不同了,book,books仅从词形上就能知道是单数还
2、是复数。动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。有人说,学好英语就是学好动词,此言甚是。同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在,表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式,这就是时态。,(二)英语动词的形式:,英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此,了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式:动词原形:动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时,情态动词之后,或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。(2)一般现在时第三人称单数形式(简称现单三):主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。(3)过去式:主要用于一般过去时。(4)现在分词:主要用于进行时态
3、,或语法规定的其他情况。(5)过去分词:主要用于完成时态,或语法规定的其他情况。,动词一般现在时第三人称单数(现单三)的构成,见下表:词尾变化(规律与名词变复数相同,读音也与名词复数相同)举例 一般加-s Help-helps;read-reads 在ch,sh,s,x 或元音字母o后面加-es Do,fix,pass,push,teach-does,fixes,passes,pushes,teaches 以辅音字母加y结尾的词,变y为i再加-es Try,study-tries,stuides 与名词变复数形式相同,读音也相同。,动词过去式和过去分词,大多数是动词原形+ed 构成,这是规则动
4、词。规则动词的拼写和读音规则如下表:词尾变化 举例 词尾读音 动词后面加-ed Help-helped Work-worked Watch-watched 清辅音之后读t Want-wanted need-needed t,d之后读t Turn-turned play-played 元音和浊辅音(d除外)之后读d 以不发音的“e”结尾的词,加-d Love-loved Serve-served 结尾是辅音字母+y时,y变i,再加-ed Study-studied Try-tried 结尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,双写辅音字母再加-ed Stop-stopped Drop-dropped
5、清辅音之后读t,不规则动词的过去式和过去分词有其特殊变化形式,需要个别记忆,同时也要善于发现不规则中的规则,即某些字母组合的不规则动词有一定的规律。如:weepwept,sleepslept,sweepswept,现在分词一律由动词原形加-ing构成,规则如下表:词尾变化 举例 一般加-ing Look-looking,try-trying 以不发音的e结尾的词,去掉e,再加-ing Write-writing,dance-dancing 以一个辅音字母(x除外)词尾的重读闭音节词,先双写词尾的辅音字母,再加-ing Begin-beginning,swim-swimming,Run-runn
6、ing,sit-sitting 以-ie结尾的词,变ie为y,再加-ing Die-dying,lie-lying,为了学习的方便,人们把时间分为四个阶段:“现在、过去、将来、过去将来”。英语动词所表示的动作在以上每个时间段中分别有四种状态:一般、进行、完成和完成进行。因此我们便有了四四一十六个时态。,不同的时态有不同的变化形式。以do 为例,列表如下:时态 一般 进行 完成 完成进行 现在时 Does;do Am/is/are+doing Has/have+done Has/have+been doing 过去时 Did Was/were+doing Had done Had been do
7、ing 将来时 Shall/will+do Shall/will be+doing Shall/will have+done Shall/will+have been doing 过去将来时 Should/would/+do Would/should+be doing Should/would+have done Would/should+have been doing,“时态”就是通过动词的形态变化,来表达动作发生的时间(现在、过去、将来、过去将来)及所处的状态(一般、进行、完成、完成进行)。比如在“They are doing their exercises.”这个句子中,动词由原形do
8、变成are doing 的形态,说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于正在进行的状态当中,所以叫现在进行时;在“They have done their exercises.”这句中,动词由原形do 变成have done的形态,说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于完成的状态,所以叫现在完成时;在“They always do their exercises.”中,动词用原形do 的形态,说明这个事情是发生在现在、并且是一般情况下永远如此,所以叫一般现在时。,在这三句话中,动词do 虽然用了不同的形态,其意义没有变化,而是事情发生的时间和状态变了。其余类推。,(三)时态详解16个时态中,常用的有12个:
9、一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。其他时态很少单独使用。下面把各种时态的构成和用法做一个全面的介绍。,1、一般现在时,通常以动词原形表示。主语为第三人称单数时,用现单三形式。动词be和have(表示“拥有”)各人称的单数形式为:第一人称单数 第二人称单数 第三人称单数 Have Have Have Has Be Am Are is,一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:动词be 与 have(表示“拥有”):否定式直接把not放在动词之后,疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前,
10、见下表:否定式 疑问式 Be Have Be Have I am not(Im not)I have not(havent)Am i?Have i?You are not(arent)You have not(havent)Are you?Have you?He is not(isnt)He has not(hasnt)Is he?Has he?,动词be 的否定疑问式和简单回答:否定疑问式 肯定回答 否定回答 Am I not(arent i)?Yes,you are.No,you arent Are you not(arent you)?Yes,I am.No,Im not.Is he n
11、ot(isnt he)?Yes,he is.No,he isnt,动词be 与 have(表示“拥有”):否定式直接把not放在动词之后,疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前,见下表:否定式 疑问式 Be Have Be Have I am not(Im not)I have not(havent)Am i?Have I?You are not(arent)You have not(havent)Are you?Have you?He is not(isnt)He has not(hasnt)Is he?Has he?,动词have(表示“拥有”)的否定疑问式和简单回答:否定疑问式 肯定回答 否定回答
12、 Have I not(havent i)?Yes,you have.No,you havent.Have you not(havent you)?Yes,I have.No,I havent.Has he not(hasnt he)?Yes,he has.No,he hasnt.注意:have 作为行为动词则只能按照行为动词的规则变化。,行为动词(以study为例)一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答(注意要加助动词do/does)否定式 疑问式 I do not(dont)study Do I study You do not(dont)study Do you study He does
13、 not(doesnt)study Does he study 否定疑问句式 简单回答(肯定/否定)Do I not(Dont I)study?Yes,I do.No,I dont.Do you not(Dont you)study?Yes,you do.No,you dont.Does he not(Doesnt he)study?Yes,he does.No,he doesnt.,2、现在进行时,由助动词be 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化,有三种形式:第一人称单数用am,第三人称单数用is,其他用are。现在进行时的否定式是:直接在助动词be后面加上not;疑问式是:把助动词be
14、提到主语之前。以study 为例:否定式 疑问式 I am not studying Am I studying?You are not studying,Are you studying?He is not studying.Is he studying?,5、一般过去时,一般过去时通常由动词过去式表示。一般过去时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式要用助动词do 的过去式did,同时注意实义动词要用原形。以study 为例,其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:否定式 疑问式 I did not(didnt)study.Did I study?You did not(didnt)study.Did
15、 you study?He did not(didnt)study.Did he study?,否定疑问式 简单回答(肯定/否定)Did I not(Didnt I)study?Yes,you did.No,you didnt.Di you not(Didnt you)study?Yes,I did.No,I didnt.Did he not(Didnt he)study?Yes,he did.No,he didnt.,6、过去进行时,由助动词be 的过去式 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化,第一、第三人称单数用was,其他用were.1)过去进行时动词主要表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间
16、内正在进行或持续进行的动作。过去进行时经常与过去时配合使用。例如:This time yesterday,we were having an English lesson.昨天这个时候,我们正在上英语课。The teacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room.老师在给我们上课时,汤姆走进教室。While we were having supper,all the lights went out.我们吃饭的时候,灯灭了。He was reading while she was setting the table.她摆桌子时
17、,他在读书。It was getting dark.The wind was rising.天渐渐黑下来了。风势增强了。2)过去进行时动词常用always,continually,frequently 等词连用,表示过去经常发生的行为。这种用法表明带有的感情色彩。例如:The two brothers were frequently quarreling when they were young.两兄弟小时候常吵架。In Qing Dynasty,China was always making concessions to western powers.清朝时,中国总是对西方列强妥协。,7、过
18、去完成时,一律用had+过去分词构成。用法:1)表示发生在过去某一时间或动作之前的事情,即“过去的过去”。用过去完成时,必须有一个过去的时间或动作来作参照,说明在此之前某事已发生。如果两个动作都是在过去发生的,先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的用一般过去时。例如:She told me she had been there three times before.她告诉我她以前到过那里三次。(“去过”发生在“告诉”之前)How long had he taught here by the end of last term?到上学期末为止,他在这里教学多长时间啦?(“教学”发生在上学期末结束之前)Wh
19、en we arrived,the football match had already begun.我们到的时候,足球赛已经开始了。She had visited China twice before she came this year.她今年来中国之前已访问过中国两次了。2)过去完成时动词可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态,这一动作一直持续到过去这一时刻或将继续下去。例如:By the middle of last month,I had lived in Beijing for five years.到上月中旬,我已在北京住了五年了。By six oclock they h
20、ad worked for eight hours.到六点为止,他们已工作八小时了。When I came to Shanghai,he had been there for a long time.我到上海时,他在那里很长时间了。3)过去完成时动词常用于间接引语和虚拟语气,我们以后会详细讲述。4)此外,过去完成时常用于 no soonerthan 和 hardly(scarcely)when 这两个句型,前面部分用过去完成时,后面部分用一般过去时。例如:No sooner had he stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed.=He ha
21、d no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed.他刚偷到钱包就被当场抓获。Saddam had hardly realized what was happening when he was captured.=Hardly had Saddam realized what was happening when he was captured.萨达姆还没有意识到在发生什么事情就被抓获了。,8、过去完成进行时,had been+动词的现在分词。用法:表示一直持续到过去某个时间的行为动作,此行为动作或刚结束、或还没结束(可以从上下
22、文看出)。这一时态经常与一般过去时一起使用。例如:When he came in,I had been trying to repair the TV for a couple of hours.他进来的时候,我一直在努力修理电视机好几个小时了 The roads were dangerous.It had been raining for two whole days.道路很危险。雨一直下了两整天。They were tired because they had been digging since dawn.他们累了,因为从天亮开始他们就一直在挖。The boy was delighted
23、 with the new mountain bike.He had been hoping for one for a long time.那男孩得到一辆新山地自行车很高兴。很长时间来他一直希望有一辆。,9、一般将来时,一般将来时动词表示将来发生的动作或情况。主要有以下几种表现形式:(1)shall/will+动词原形 表示单纯的将来,不涉及主语的主观意愿。第一人称I,we用shall 或will,其余用will.其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:否定式 疑问式 I shall/will not study.Shall I study?You will not study.Will you
24、 study?He will not study.Will he study?,否定疑问式 简单回答(肯定/否定)Shall I not(shant i)study?Yes,you will.No,you wont.Will you not(Wont you)study?Yes,I shall/will.No,I shant/wont.Will he not(Wont he)study.?Yes,he will.No,he wont.,例如:I shall be twenty years old next year.我明年二十岁。The sky is black.I think it will
25、 rain.天黑下来了。我想可能会下雨。You will meet him at the station this afternoon.你下午会在车站碰到他。The train will arrive soon.火车快要到了。When shall we see you next time?我们下次什么时候能看见你呢?He probably wont go with us.他大概不能和我们一起去。,注意:1)shall,will的缩写形式为ll,如Ill,youll,hell 和shell等。2)will 用于第一人称时,可以表示将来的意愿、决心、允诺、命令等;shall用于第二、三人称时,可以
26、表示说话人的将来的意愿。例如:I will give you a new pen for your birthday.我将送你一支新钢笔作为生日礼物。(允诺)I will take the college entrance examination.我将参加大学入学考试。(决心)Shall I open the window?我打开窗户好吗?(征求允诺)You shall have the book as soon as I get it.我一拿到书就给你。(说话人的允诺)The enemy shall not pass.决不让敌人通过。(说话人的保证)I will do my best to
27、help you.我愿意尽力帮助你。(意愿)Nobody shall be late for the meeting.任何人开会都不能迟到。(说话人的命令),(2)be going+动词不定式 1)这种结构表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事。这种打算往往是事先考虑好的。例如:My brother is going to learn English next year.我哥哥准备明年学英语。I am going to meet Tom at the station at six.我六点钟要到火车站去接汤姆。She is not going to be there.她不会到那儿去的。When a
28、re you going to finish your work?你的工作什么时候做完?He is going to stay a week.他准备呆一星期。We are going to call a meeting to discuss it.我们准备开个会来讨论一下。,2)这种结构还可以表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为非常可能即将发生某事。例如:Look at these black clouds?it is going to rain.看这些乌云?要下雨了。I think it is going to snow.我看要下雪。I am afraid I am going to have a
29、bad cold.恐怕我要得重感冒。,10、将来进行时,shall/will be+现在分词 用法:将来进行时动词表示在将来某一段时间内将会发生的动作。This time next week we shall be working in that factory.下星期这时候,我们将在那个工厂劳动。When I get up tomorrow morning,my mother will be getting breakfast for me.当我明天早晨起床时,我妈妈将在为我准备早饭。I will be seeing him next month.我下个月将要见他。Tomorrow we w
30、ill be going to the village fair.我们明天去赶集。We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July.七月份我们要去海边度假。一般将来时与将来进行时都表示将来,那么如何区别一般将来时和将来进行时呢?将来进行时不表示个人意愿,强调主观上感觉某事即将发生,并对这一事情有着期待,感情色彩较浓,强调动作。一般将来时主要是对某一事情即将发生做一个事实性的说明或陈述,强调事实或意愿。,11、过去将来时,(1)由should/would+动词原形构成。第一人称用should;第二、三人称用would。美国英语所有人称一律用
31、would.should/would 的简略形式为d,如Id,youd;would not 和should not的简略形式分别为wouldnt 和shouldnt.(2)过去将来时表示从过去某时间看将要发生的事情,多用在宾语从句中。还可以表示过去的倾向或过去经常发生的事情。如:They asked me if I would go to Guangzhou soon.他们问我是否很快要去广州。She told me she would come again next week.她和我说她下周还来。I told him to leave immediately,but he wouldnt.我
32、告诉他马上离开,但他不。Hed play the violin when he was in low spirits.他情绪低落的时候,就拉小提琴。When I was in college,I would find a part-time job during the summer holidays every year to earn my tuition.我上大学的时候,每年暑假都找份临时工挣学费。(3)其他表示过去将来时的结构:,12、将来完成时,shall/will+have+过去分词 用法:将来完成时动词主要表示在将来的某一时刻或将来的某一时刻之前完成的动作,这一动作也可能继续进行
33、。例如:By seven oclock this afternoon we shall have got to Shanghai if the train keeps good line.如果火车运行正常,我们今天下午七点就到上海了。Before bedtime Xiao Ming will have completed his work.到上床睡觉的时候,小明会做完他的工作(或作业)。By February next year this foreign expert will have been here on this job for five years.到明年二月,这个外国专家在这儿做
34、这项工作就满五年了。By Sept.2008 Beijing will have held/hosted the Olympic Games.到2008年9月,北京将举行完了奥运会。,二、被动语态,(一)简介 在英语中,语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语的关系。英语动词有两种语态,即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态(active voice)表示主语是动作的执行者;被动语态(passive voice)表示主语是动作的承受者。如:Saddam is being tried.萨达姆正在接受审判。The Iraqi government is trying Saddam.伊拉克政府正在审判萨达姆。M
35、ore and more people use computers now.(主动语态)Computers are more and more widely used now.(被动语态)English is spoken all over the world.(被动语态),(二)英汉两种语言在表达被动方式上的差异,汉语表达被动语态非常简单明了,用“被”“遭”“受”等词来表示,如“被捕”、“被杀”、“受到凌辱”等。而英语表达被动的方式也不复杂,用“助动词be+动词的过去分词”表示。其中助动词be有人称、数量和时态的变化,而这正是英语被动语态的难点。(三)被动语态的构成 被动语态由“be+及物动
36、词的过去分词”构成。这里要强调一定是及物动词的过去分词,因为不及物动词不能带宾语,也就不可能有被动语态。英语主动语态有16个时态;被动语态常用的有8个,以give为例说明如下:时态 动词形式 一般现在时 Am/is/are given 一般过去时 Was/were given 一般将来时 Shall/will be given 现在进行时 Am/is/are being given 过去进行时 Was/were being given 过去将来时 Should/would be given 现在完成时 Has/have been given 过去完成时 Had been given,被动语态的
37、疑问句是将第一个助动词移到主语之前、句末用问号;否定式是在第一个助动词后加not或never等其他否定词、句末用句号。如:“During the interview,were you asked questions in English?”“No,I wasnt asked questions in English.”“面试的时候,用英语问你问题了吗?”“没有,没有用英语问我问题。”The origin of the universe will probably never be explained.宇宙的起源大概永远也不会被解释清楚。Is the restaurant being decor
38、ated?那家餐馆正在装修吗?The restaurant is not being decorated.In the fact the restaurant has never been decorated。那家餐馆没有在装修。实际上,那家餐馆从来没有装修过。,(四)被动语态的用法,1、不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。换个说法,有一件事情不知道是谁干的或者不想说出是谁干的,这时就用被动语态。例如:I felt a littlie nervous when I was being interviewed.我接受面试的时候,有点紧张。These fighters are imported fr
39、om Russia.这些战斗机是从俄国进口的。That place has been turned into a swimming pool.那个地方已被变成游泳池。2、说话或发表意见时,为了显得客观公正,也常用被动语态 Hes said/believed/reported to be in the U.S.A.据说/据信/据报道他在美国。还有下列常用句型(that后面跟句子):It is said that.据说 It is reported that.据报道 It is hoped that.希望 It is believed that.人们相信 It is announced that.
40、据宣布 it is(well)known that.众所周知 It has been decided that.已经决定 It is supposed that.人们认为 It is suggested that.有人建议 It must be remembered that.务必记住 It is taken for granted that.被视为当然,(五)主动句变被动句的注意事项,一是时态不能改变;二是变为被动语态后,谓语动词要和被动语态的主语在人称、数上保持一致。还要作如下变动:把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语;主动语态的主语放在by的后面,组成介词短语,再把这个介词短语放在被动语态
41、的谓语动词之后。在动作的执行者无须说明或不必要强调时,by短语可以省略。例如:They will open a new supermarket there soon.他们很快将在那里开办个新超市。A new supermarket will be opened there soon.一个新超市不久将在那里开办。The doctor gave two lectures in English.那位医生用英语讲了两次课。Two lectures were given by the doctor in English.由那位医生用英语讲了两次课。Somebody has warned us to be
42、 careful of rats.有人警告我们要当心老鼠。We have been warned to be careful of rats.我们受到警告,要当心老鼠。如果主动语态有两个宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语),变为被动语态时,可将其中任何一个宾语变为主语,另一个不变。但较常见的是将间接宾语变为被动语态的主语。The reporters asked the president some questions.记者们问了总统一些问题。The president was asked some questions by the reporters.(变间接宾语为主语)Some questions w
43、ere asked the president by the reporters.(变直接宾语为主语)We have given him a job.我们已给了他一个工作。He has been given a job.(变间接宾语为主语)A job has been given(to)him.(变直接宾语为主语),(六)含有情态动词的被动语态,句中含有情态动词时,其被动语态的结构是:情态动词+be+过去分词:The timetable can be changed any time.时间表随时可以改变。This book may not be taken out of the reading
44、 room.这本书不允许带出阅览室。This dictionary must be taken good care of.这本词典必须保管好。,(七)关于被动语态的几点说明,1、有些动词形式上是主动,意义上是被动。例如:School begins in September.学校九月份开学。The library doesnt open on Sunday.图书馆星期天不开放。The machine runs well.这台机器容易操作。My pen writes well.我的钢笔好使。The cloth washes well.这料子耐洗。The dictionary sells well.
45、这词典销路很好。The book hardly sells.这书买不出去。The door will not shut/lock.门关/锁不上。2、make,see,watch,hear,notice,feel等使役动词和感官动词的宾语后面可以接不带to的不定式作宾补。但在被动语态中,不定式符号to必须补上。例如:They made him go.他们让他去。He was made to go.他被要求去了。I heard him say good-bye to his friends.我听见他向他的朋友说再见。He was heard to say good-bye to his frien
46、ds.有人听到他向他的朋友说再见。3、除助动词be外,动词get有时也可跟过去分词构成被动语态,是比较口语化的一种被动语态。这种结构中很少用by短语。例如:I got lost in the huge market.在那个巨大的市场中我迷失了方向。You might get killed/hurt.你会送命/受伤的。In the end this story got translated into English.这故事最后被译成了英文。His car got damaged in a road accident.他的车在交通事故中被毁了。4、“have/get+宾语+过去分词”这个句型也表达
47、了一种被动的意思。如:Ill have the bike repaired in no time.我一会就把自行车修好。I had my wallet stolen/lost last Sunday when I was shopping.上星期天买东西的时候我的钱夹被盗。He got his leg broken when playing football.踢足球的时候他把腿弄断了。I bought these books at a discount and had two hundred dollars saved.我打折买了这些书,省了两百美元。5、在need,want,require后
48、面,主动的-ing形式表达被动的意思:My watch needs cleaning.(=needs to be cleaned)我的表需要清洗。Your garden needs watering.(=to be watered)你的花园需要浇水。Does your suit require pressing,sir?先生,您的衣服要烫吗?,三、虚拟语气,多数中国人对虚拟语气的理解是:虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望,是假设的,虚构的,与事实相反的,或者是不太可能的。这种理解固然是对的,但并不全面。在英语中,虚拟语气是个广义的概念,包括好几种句型和结构。假设,意愿等只是虚拟语气的两个方面。英汉两种语
49、言表达虚拟语气的方式差异:而在英语中,虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的。这又一次证明动词在英语中的核心地位,又一次证明要学好英语语法,就要学好英语动词。由于虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的,因此,掌握虚拟语气中所使用的各种谓语动词形式变化是掌握虚拟语气的关键,这也是虚拟语气的难点。虚拟语气本身也是英语语法的一个难点。学习虚拟语气的方法是分别弄通虚拟语气的各种句型和结构,各个击破。下面对虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法分别介绍。,(一)虚拟语气用于表示假设的条件状语从句,状语从句相当于汉语的“假如”“要是”等。,请看一个句子:If she invites me tomorr
50、ow,I shall go to the party.如果她明天邀请我参加聚会,我就去。这是个带条件从句的主从复合句,是直接的陈述语气,主句谓语动词用将来时,从句谓语动词用现在时代替将来时,表示能实现的动作。这句话说明说话人认为邀请的可能性较大。此句的条件是“只要她邀请我”,“去”这一动作就能实现。请把这句话与下面虚拟语气的带条件从句的主从复合句进行比较:1)If she invited me,I should go to the party.假如她邀请我参加聚会,我就去。(说话人认为邀请的可能性较小或不可能。)这句话主句谓语动词用过去将来时,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,其含义是:She wil