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1、21三体综合征,前言introduction,我国每年大约有26,600个唐氏综合征患儿出生,平均每20分钟就有1例出生,估计我国现有病人60万以上(26,600 town syndromes occur in one year,one is born every 20 minutes,above 600,0000 in our country.)发病率约占新生儿的1/750,此征是引起先天智力障碍最常见的染色体病(Incidence of 1 in 750 newborns,it is the most common chromosome disease causing congenital
2、 Intelligence disturbance)本病与单基因遗传病的一个重要区别就是,它是偶发的,每个孕妇都有生患儿的可能(Different with single gene disease,it is accidental and every pregnant woman has a chance to conceive this fetus.)我国每出生一例唐氏综合征患儿大约造成25万元人民币的社会经济负担。(250,000 RMB is needed to bring up one patient),21-三体综合征 21-trisomy syndrome,21-三体综合征,前言i
3、ntroduction,一、遗传学基础,细胞遗传学特征是21号染色体呈三体征发生原因:生殖细胞在减数分裂形成配子时21号染色体不分离。使胚胎细胞内存在3条21号染色体,21-三体综合征 21-trisomy syndrome,病因及发病因素,亲代生殖细胞减数分裂或受精卵早期卵裂时21号染色体不分离,病毒感染 放射线、同位素 有毒物质(农药)药物 母亲年龄,21-三体综合征 21-trisomy syndrome,21-三体综合征 21-trisomy syndrome,21-三体综合征,二、临床表现symptoms and signs,特殊面容 characteristic facies 智能
4、低下 mental disability,临床表现1,特殊面容 眼裂小、眼距宽、两眼裂外侧上斜 鼻梁低平 张口伸舌流涎,临床表现2,体格发育迟缓 身材矮小 骨龄落后 坐、立、行均迟 出牙迟缓,临床表现3、4,智能低下 IQ低 缺乏理解和思维能力四肢关节柔软,易 弯曲。短而宽的手,第五指短而内弯、单一褶纹,什么是智能低下?What is mental disability?答:指大脑发育障碍引起的综合性功能不全,包括认知、记忆、理解、运动、言语、综合分析、思维、想象。(Answer:Malfunction caused by developmental disorder of cerebrum
5、includes cognition,memory,understanding,motion,words,comprehensive analysis,thought and imagination.)小儿智能低下指18岁以下脑发育年龄的智力明显低于同年龄儿童平均水平,伴社会适应智力缺陷。即智商(IQ)低于同龄儿均值(100)减2个SD,100-215亦即70。18岁以后智力衰退称痴呆。(廖清奎临床儿科学P447)(Under age 18,IQM-2SD.After age 18,intelligence diminution is called dementia.),21-三体综合征,临床
6、表现symptoms and signs,发育迟缓 developmental retardation 四肢短 short extremities 韧带松弛 laxity of ligament,21-三体综合征,症状体征sympyoms and signs,皮纹特征 dermatoglyph characteristics,21-三体综合征 21-trisomy syndrome,临床表现symptoms and signs,皮纹特征 dermatoglyph characteristics,21-三体综合征 21-trisomy syndrome,临床表现symptoms and sign
7、s,皮纹特征 dermatoglyph characteristics,伴发畸形50伴先心病消化道畸形:巨结肠、憩室隐睾、小阴茎女孩性发育迟缓,临床表现symptoms and signs,21-三体综合征 21-trisomy syndrome,急性淋巴细胞白血病发病率高(1/74)免疫功能低下,临床表现symptoms and signs,21-三体综合征 21-trisomy syndrome,核型1,标准型(典型21三体型)95%47,XX(XY),+21 父母核型正常因亲代生殖细胞减数分裂时21号染色体不分离而造成,核型2-1,易位型D/G易位46,XX(XY),-14,+t(14q
8、21q)半数亲代为平衡易位携带者45,XX(XY),-14,-21+t(14q21q),核型2-2,G/G易位21/21易位46,XX(XY),-21,+t(21q21q),核型2-2,21/22易位46,XX(XY),-22,+t(21q22q)5%亲代为平衡易位携带者95%为突变,核型3,嵌合型 46,XX(XY)/47,XX(XY)+21 临床表现差异较大,随正常细胞所占 百分比而异因受精卵早期卵裂时21号染色体不分离所造成,用荧光标记的21号染色体的相应片断DNA探针与患儿周围血中淋巴细胞进行杂交,呈现21号染色体的荧光信号,三、实验室检查,二、分子DNA探针,21-三体综合征 21-
9、trisomy syndrome,四、诊断,典型病例:特殊面容、智力与生长发育落后、皮纹特点,确诊需染色体核型分析新生儿、不典型病例需染色体核型分析,21-三体综合征 21-trisomy syndrome,五、鉴别诊断,先天性甲状腺功能低下:粘液性水肿、头发干燥、便秘。T3 T4 TSH脑性瘫痪:脑损伤病史、无特殊面容、皮纹改变,必要时做染色体核型分析,21-三体综合征 21-trisomy syndrome,21-三体综合征 21-trisomy syndrome,治疗与预防进展advancement in treatment and prophylaxis,以前对21-三体综合征还无法治
10、疗,只有进行早期诊断,终止妊娠才能达到优生目的.(Previously,it was uncurable,the only way was antenatal diagnosis and to terminate pregnancy.)对21-三体综合征患儿要有耐心和爱心,给予训练和教育,使能自理生活和进行简单工作。5月27日助残日,全社会要献爱心。,21-三体综合型与单基因遗传病的一个重要区别,就是它是偶发的,每个孕妇都有生患儿的可能,可见只要是孕妇不论年龄高或低,都有可能怀上先天愚型痴呆儿,只是机率不同而已。故每位孕妇都应该早期作风险评估。(Different with single ge
11、ne disease,it is accidental and every pregnant woman has a chance to conceive this fetus.So every pregnant woman should have a risk assessment),南华大学附属怀化医院,第八章第三节,苯 丙 酮 尿 症phenylketonuria,PKU,苯丙酮尿症,前言introduction,苯丙酮尿症(PKU)是由于苯丙氨酸代谢途径中酶缺陷所致,因患儿尿液中排出大量苯丙氨酸等代谢产物而得名。PKU是氨基酸代谢障碍中常见疾患,同时也是治疗最成功的疾患。(PKU:en
12、zymatic defection in Phenylalanine metabolism approach results in metabolite of phenylalanine discharging from urine.PKU is the most common and successfully curable disease)早期诊断、合理的饮食是挽救患儿的关键。(Earlier period diagnosis and reasonable diet is the key)我国PKU的发病率为11700016000,全国每年约有15002000名患儿出生(Incidence
13、:1/170001/6000,1500-2000 were born one year.),苯丙酮尿症,病因etiology,PKU是氨基酸代谢障碍中较常见的一种,属常染色体隐性遗传。(PKU is one of the common disease in AA metabolism and it is autosomal recessive lnheritance.)典型PKU是由于患儿肝细胞缺乏苯丙氨酸-4-羟化酶。(Typical PKU:lack of phenylalanine 4 mhydroxylasel)非典型PKU是缺乏苯丙氨酸羟化过程中所必需的辅酶。(Atypical PK
14、U:lack of coenzyme),苯丙酮尿症,发病机制pathogenesis,苯丙酮尿症,临床表现symptoms and signs,神经系统:智能落后、多动、癫痫等(NS:mental retardation,hyperactivity and seizure.)外观(appearance)其他:呕吐、湿疹,汗、尿有鼠尿臭味(others:vomiting,eczema,sweating,mouse smell urine),苯丙酮尿症,诊断diagnosis,为少数可治性遗传代谢病之一。新生儿期筛查:纸片法(neonatal screening:test paper)血浆和尿液氨
15、基酸、有机酸分析(analysis of the amino acid and Organic acid in the plasma and urine.)DNA分析:苯丙氨酸羟化酶的编码基因于12q22-q24.1 DNA analysis:code gene locates in 12q22-q24.1,典型患儿尿三氯化铁、2,4-二硝基苯肼试验阳性,但尿检易受其他因素影响,稳定性差,假阳性率高,易造成漏诊,只作为参考,诊断diagnosis,苯丙酮尿症,治疗treamtment,诊断一旦肯定,应立即给予积极治疗,治疗开始时年龄愈小,效果愈好。(Once diagnosised,it should be treated.The smaller the age,the better the effects.)低苯丙氨酸饮食(目前市场有生产的PKU奶粉出售)。饮食控制至少需持续到青春期以后。(low phenylalanine diet and diet restriction continue to adolescence.),苯丙酮尿症,治疗treatment,避免近亲结婚 开展新生儿筛查 早期开始治疗 已有PKU患儿的家庭再次生育时可进行产前诊断,预防,