《2024剑桥雅思讲义Matching_Information 2.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2024剑桥雅思讲义Matching_Information 2.docx（2页珍藏版）》请在课桌文档上搜索。
1、ZQ国田IELTSADVANTAGEMatchingInformationPaSSaRe3SpanishExplorationandConquestA-TheSpanishestablishedthefirstEuropeansettlementsintheAmericas,beginningintheCaribbeanand,by1600,extendingthroughoutCentralandSouthAmerica.ThousandsofpeopleflockedfromSpaintotheAmericasseekingwealthandstatus.Themostfamousofth
2、eseadventurersareChristopherColumbus(who,thoughItalianhimsetexploredonbehalfoftheSpanishmonarchs),HernanCortes,andFranciscoPizarro.B-ThehistoryofSpanishexplorationbeginswiththehistoryofSpainitself.Duringthefifteenthcentury,Spainhopedtogainadvantageoveritsrival,Portugal.ThemarriageofFerdinandofAragon
3、andIsabellaofCastilein1469unifiedCatholicSpainandbegantheprocessofbuildinganationthatcouldcompeteforworldwidepower.In1492ztheycompletedtheReconquista:theCenturies-IongChristianconquestoftheIberianPeninsula.TheReconquistamarkedanotherstepforwardintheprocessofmakingSpainanimperialpower;andFerdinandand
4、Isabellawerenowreadytolookfurtherafield.C-TheirgoalsweretoexpandCatholicismandtogainacommercialadvantageoverPortugal.Tothoseends,FerdinandandIsabellasponsoredextensiveAtlanticexploration.Spainsmostfamousexplorer,ChristopherColumbus,wasactuallyfromGenoa,Italy.Hebelievedthat,usingcalculationsbasedonot
5、hermarinersjourneys,hecouldchartawestwardroutetoIndia,whichcouldbeusedtoexpandEuropeantradeandspreadChristianity.Startingin1485zheapproachedGenoese,Venetian,Portuguese,English,andSpanishmonarchs,askingforshipsandfundingtoexplorethiswestwardroute.AllthosehepetitionedincludingFerdinandandIsabellaatfir
6、st-rebuffedhim;theirnauticalexpertsallconcurredthatColumbus/sestimatesofthewidthoftheAtlanticOceanwerefartoolow.However;afterthreeyearsofentreaties,and,moreimportantly,thecompletionoftheReconquista,FerdinandandIsabellaagreedtofinanceColumbussexpeditionin1492zsupplyinghimwiththreeships:theNina,thePin
7、ta,andtheSantaMaria.TheSpanishmonarchsknewthatPortuguesemarinershadreachedthesoutherntipofAfricaandsailedtheIndianOcean.TheyunderstoodthatthePortuguesewouldsoonreachAsiaand,inthiscompetitiveracetoreachtheFarEast,theSpanishrulersdecidedtoact.D-Columbushelderroneousviewsthatshapedhisthinkingaboutwhath
8、ewouldencounterashesailedwest.HebelievedtheearthtobemuchSmallerthanitsactualsizeand,sincehedidnotknowoftheexistenceoftheAmericas,hefullyexpectedtolandinAsia.OnOctober12,1492zhowever,hemadelandfallonanislandintheBahamas.HethensailedtoanislandhenamedHispaniola(present-dayDominicanRepublicandHaiti).Bel
9、ievinghehadlandedintheEastIndies,ColumbuscalledthenativeTainoshefoundthere“Indios,“givingrisetotheterm“Indian”foranynativepeopleoftheNewWorld.UponColumbus/sreturntoSpain,theSpanishcrownbestowedonhimthetitleofAdmiraloftheOceanSeaandnamedhimgovernorandviceroyofthelandshehaddiscovered.E-Columbus,s1493l
10、etterorprobanzademerito(proofofmerit)describinghis“discoveryofaNewWorlddidmuchtoinspireexcitementinEurope.ProbanzasdemeritoswerereportsandlettersQD国IELTSADVANTAGEMatching InformationwrittenbySpaniardsintheNewWorldtotheSpanishcrown,designedtowinroyalpatronage.Todaytheyhighlightthedifficulttaskofhisto
11、ricalwork;whilethelettersareprimarysources,historiansneedtounderstandthecontextandthecultureinwhichtheconquistadors,astheSpanishadventurerscametobecalled,wrotethemanddistinguishtheirbiasandsubjectivenature.Whiletheyarefilledwithdistortionsandfabrications,probanzasdemeritosarestillusefulinillustratin
12、gtheexpectationofwealthamongtheexplorersaswellastheirviewthatnativepeopleswouldnotposeaseriousobstacletocolonization.F-In1493,ColumbussenttwocopiesofaprobanzademeritototheSpanishkingandqueenandtheirministeroffinance,LuisdeSantangel.SantangelhadsupportedColumbussvoyage,helpinghimtoobtainfundingfromFe
13、rdinandandIsabella.CopiesoftheletterweresooncirculatingalloverEurope,spreadingnewsofthewondrousnewlandthatColumbushad“discovered.Columbuswouldmakethreemorevoyagesoverthenextdecade,establishingSpain/sfirstsettlementintheNewWorldontheislandofHispaniola.ManyotherEuropeansfollowedinColumbus/sfootsteps,d
14、rawnbydreamsofwinningwealthbysailingwest.AnotherItalian,AmerigoVespuccizsailingforthePortuguesecrown,exploredtheSouthAmericancoastlinebetween1499and1502.UnlikeColumbus,herealizedthattheAmericaswerenotpartofAsiabutlandsunknowntoEuropeans.Vespucci/swidelypublishedaccountsofhisvoyagesfueledspeculationa
15、ndintenseinterestintheNewWorldamongEuropeans.AmongthosewhoreadVespuccisreportswastheGermanmapmakerMartinWaldseemuller.Usingtheexplorersfirstnameasalabelforthenewlandmass,WaldseemullerattachedAmerica“tohismapoftheNewWorldin1507zandthenamestuck.Source:https:C)PenStaX.orabooksus-historvDacIeS/2-1-PortU
16、qUeSe-exploration-and-spcmish-conquestQuestions32-36Passage3hassixparagraphslabelledA-F.Whichparagraphscontainthefollowinginformation?32. WhyFerdinandandIsabellaatfirstrefusedtofundColumbussexpedition33. HowSpainsimperialistambitionsbegan34. ThedifficultyofanalysingtheletterswrittentotheSpanishkingandqueen35. Columbus,sfirstdiscoveries36. ThenumberOfjourneysundertakenbyColumbustotheNewWorld
