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1、美国名人人类学家玛格丽特米德MargaretMeadInfluencedHowSocialScientistsUnderstoodNativeCulturesplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-15:11repeatByJeriIynWatsonandproducedbyPaulThompson2006-9-2ANNOUNCER:WelcometoPeopleinAmericafromVOASpecialEnglish.Today,SarahLongandRichKleinfeldttellaboutoneofthemostinfluentialsocialscientist
2、softhelastcenturytheanthropologist,MargaretMead.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:PeoplearoundtheworldmournedwhenMargaretMeaddiedinnineteenseventy-eight.ThepresidentoftheUnitedStatesatthetime,JimmyCarter,honoredthesocialscientistwithAmericashighestawardforcivilians.AnotherhonorcamefromavillageinNewGuinea.Thepeoplethe
3、replantedacoconuttreeinhermemory.MargaretMeadwouldhavelikedthat.Asayoungwoman,shehadstudiedtheIifeandtraditionsofthevillage.MizMeadreceivedsuchhonorsbecausesheaddedgreatlytopublicknowledgeofculturesandtraditionsindevelopingareas.Manypeopleconsiderherthemostfamoussocial-scienceresearcheroftheTwentiet
4、hCentury.Yetsomeexpertssayherresearchwasnotscientific.Theysayshedependedtoomuchonobservationandlocalstories.Theysayshedidnotspendenoughtimeoncomparativestudies.Theybelieveherfameresultedasmuchfromhercolorfulpersonalityasfromherresearch.VOICETWO:MargaretMeadwasoftentheobjectofheateddispute.Shesharedh
5、erstrongopinionsaboutsocialissues.Shedenouncedthespreadofnuclearbombs.Shespokeagainstracialinjustice.Shestronglysupportedwomensrights.Throughoutherlifesheenjoyedtakingarisk.MizMeadbeganherstudiesofculturesinanunusualwayforawomanofhertime.Shechosetoperformherresearchinthedevelopingworld.Shewenttoanis
6、landvillageinthePacificOcean.Shewentalone.Theyearwasnineteentwenty-five.Atthattime,youngAmericanwomendidnottravelfarawayfromhomebythemselves.Theydidnotaskpersonalquestionsofstrangers.Theydidnotobservebirthsanddeathsunlesstheywereinvolvedinmedicalwork.MargaretMeaddidallthosethings.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:Mar
7、garetMeadwasborninDecember,nineteen-oh-onezinthecityofPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania.Herparentswereeducators.Fewwomenattendedcollegeinthosedays.However;MizMeadbeganherstudiesinnineteennineteenatDePauwUniversityinthemiddlewesterntownofGreencastlezIndiana.Shesoondecidedthatlivinginasmalltowndidnotimproveon
8、esmind.SoshemovedtoNewYorkCitytostudyatBarnardCollege.ThereshestudiedEnglishandpsychology.Shegraduatedinnineteentwenty-three.VOICETWO:MargaretnextdecidedtostudyanthropologyatColumbiaUniversityinNewYork.Shewantedtoexaminetheactivitiesandtraditionsofdifferentsocieties.Shesoughttoaddtoknowledgeofhumanc
9、ivilization.Atthesametime,shegotmarried.Herhusband,LutherCressmanzplannedtobeaclergyman.TbgetherztheybeganthelifeOfgraduatestudents.VOICEONE:MizMeadstudiedwithtwofamousanthropologists:FranzBoasandRuthBenedict.MisterBoasbelievedthattheenvironmentpeoplegrowupin-notfamilygenes-wasthecauseofmostcultural
10、differencesamongpeople.Thisbeliefalsoinfluencedhisyoungstudent.MisterBoaswasnotpleasedwhenMargaretMeadaskedtodoresearchinSamoa.Hewasconcernedforhersafety.StilI,helethergo.FranzBoastoldhertolearnaboutthewaysinwhichtheyoungwomenofSamoawereraised.VOICETWO:MargaretshusbandwenttoEuropetocontinuehisstudie
11、s.Shewent-alone-toSamoa,inthePacificOcean.SheworkedamongthepeopleofTauIsland.Thepeoplespokeadifficultlanguage.Theirlanguagehadneverbeenwritten.Luckily,shelearnedlanguageseasily.VOICEONE:MizMeadinvestigatedthelifeofSamoangirls.Shewasnotmucholderthanthegirlsshequestioned.Shesaidtheirlifewasfreeofthean
12、gerandrebellionfoundamongyoungpeopleinothersocieties.ShealsosaidSamoangirlshadsexualrelationswithanyonetheywanted.Shesaidtheirsocietydidnoturgethemtolovejustoneman.Andshesaidtheirsocietydidnotcondemnsexbeforemarriage.MargaretMeadsaidshereachedthesebeliefsafterninemonthsofobservationonSamoa.Theyhelpe
13、dmakeherbookaboutSamoaoneofthebest-sellingbooksofthetime.MizMeadwasjusttwenty-fiveyearsoldwhenthishappened.VOICETWO:Severalsocialscientistslaterdisputedherfindings.Inarecentbook,DerekFreemansaysMizMeadmadeherobservationsfromjustafewtalkswithtwofriendlyyoungwomen.Hesaystheywantedtotellinterestingstor
14、iestoaforeignvisitor.However,hesaystheirstorieswerenotnecessarilytrue.MisterFreemansaysSamoansocietyvaluedayoungwomanwhohadnothadsexualrelations.HesaysTauIslandmenrefusedtomarrywomenwhohadhadsex.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:AfterninemonthsamongtheSamoans,MizMeadreturnedtotheUnitedStates.Shemetapsychologystudentf
15、romNewZealand,ReoFortune,onthelongtriphome.HermarriagetoLutherCressmanended.ShemarriedMisterFortuneinnineteentwenty-seven.MizMeadandhersecondhusbandwenttoNewGuineatoworktogether.Itwouldbethefirstofseventripsthatshewouldmaketotheareainthenextforty-sevenyears.ThetwoobservedthepeopleofManusIsland,oneof
16、theAdmiraltyIslands,nearmainlandNewGuinea.Theythoughtthepeoplewerepleasant.Afterawhile,though,sheandherhusbandhadnomoretobaccototrade.ThenthepeopleofManusIslandstoppedgivingthemfish.VOICETWO:1.aterthetwostudiedtheMundugumorpeopleofNewGuinea.MizMeadreportedthatboththemenandwomenwereexpectedtobeaggres
17、sive.Onlyafewyearsbefore,tribemembershadgivenuphead-hunting.Traditionallytheyhadcutofftheheadsoftheirenemies.Mundugumorparentsalsoseemedtobecrueltotheirchildren.Theycarriedtheirbabiesinstiffbaskets.Theydidnotanswertheneedsofthebabieswhentheycried.Instead,theyhitthebasketswithsticksuntilthebabiesstop
18、pedcrying.VOICEONE:NotlongaftertheNewGuineatripended,MargaretMeadsmarriagetoReoFortunealsoended.Innineteenthirty-six,shemarriedforthethirdtime.HernewhusbandwasGregoryBatesonzaBritishbiologist.MisterBatesonandMizMeaddecidedtoworktogetherontheislandofBali,nearJavainIndonesia.ThepeopleofBaliproudlyshar
19、edtheirrichcultureandtraditionswiththevisitors.MizMeadobservedandrecordedtheiractivities.MisterBatesontookphotographs.TheBatesonshadadaughter.Theyseemedlikeafineteam.Yettheirmarriageendedinthelatenineteenforties.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:Astimewenton,MargaretMeadsfamecontinuedtogrow.Herbookssoldverywell.Sheal
20、sowroteforpopularmagazines.Sheappearedonradioandtelevisionprograms.Shespokebeforemanygroups.Americanslovedtohearaboutherworkinfarawayplaces.MizMeadcontinuedtogotothoseplacesandreportaboutthepeoplewholivedthere.VOICEONE:A代erhertrips,MargaretMeadalwaysreturnedtotheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoryinNewYo
21、rkCity.Sheworkedtheremorethanfiftyyears.Sheexaminedtheresearchofothers.Sheguidedandadvisedanumberofanthropologystudents.MizMeadworkedinanofficefilledwithceremonialbasketsandotherobjectsfromherstudiesandtravels.Peoplesaidsheruledthemuseumlikeaqueen.TheysaidMargaretMeadknewwhatshewantedfromtheworkofot
22、hersandknewhowtogetit.VOICETWO:Otherscientistspaidherahighhonorwhenshewasseventy-twoyearsold.TheyelectedherpresidentoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience.Afewyearslater,shedevelopedcancer.Butshecontinuedtotravel,speakandstudyalmosttotheendofherlife.Onefriendsaid:MargaretMeadwasnotgoingt
23、oletalittlethinglikedeathstopher.MargaretMeaddiedmorethantwentyyearsago.Yetpeoplecontinuetodiscussanddebateherstudiesofpeopleandculturesaroundtheworld.(MUSIC)ANNOUNCER:ThisprogramwaswrittenbyJerilynWatsonandproducedbyPaulThompson.TheannouncerswereSarahLongandRichKleinfeldt.mFaithLapidus.ListenagainnextweekforPeopleinAmerica,fromVOASpecialEnglish.
