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1、MatchingHeadingsPaSSaRe2TheChangingLandscapeofOceaniaSectionA-ThehumansettlementofOceania,fromtheearliestmigrationstoEuropeancolonization,hasreshapedthephysicallandscapeofthisregion.Environmentaldegradation-disturbancestoresourceslikeair;land,andwater-isaseriousconcernaseconomicgrowthoftencomesatthe
2、expenseofenvironmentalsustainability.InAustralia,forexample,widestretchesofpreviouslysparselyinhabitedOutbackhavebecomegrazinglands.InPapuaNewGuineaillegallogginghascontributedtosignificantdeforestation.PollutionfromdairyinginNewZealandhasledtohighlevelsofwaterpollution.SectionB-Invasivespecieshavea
3、lsohadsignificantenvironmentalimpactsinaregionthathasbeenotherwiserelativelyisolated.Australiahasadoptedasystemofstrictquarantineinanattempttolimitdamagefromnon-nativeplantsandanimals.Thecountrycurrentlyspendsaround$4billionyearlyininvasiveweedmanagementalone.CatshavebeenbannedinpartsofNewZealandwhe
4、retheyposeathreattolocalbirdspecies.RatsbroughtbyearlyEuropeanshipshavepresentedasignificantproblemformanyislandsofthePacific,wheretheykillotherplantsandanimalsandalsospreaddisease.Offshore,invasivefishandalgaespecieshavedamagedfragileoceanecosystems.SectionC-Inadditiontolocalpollutionconcerns,human
5、settlementofotherworldregionshascontributedtopollutioninthePacificOcean.Worldwide,therearefivemainoceangyres,largesystemsofrotatingoceancurrents.InthenorthernPacificOcean,onegyrehasveryhighconcentrationsoftrashandplasticscarriedtotheareabyoceancurrents.IthasbeentermedtheGreatPacificgarbagepatch.When
6、youthrowsomethingzzawayz,improperly,thesegyresarereallywhereawayis.AwaterbottleimproperlydisposedofonthewesterncoastofNorthAmericawillmakeitswaytotheGreatPacificgarbagepatchinaroundsixyears.SectionD-Oneissuewithplasticsisthattheydon/tbiodegradezandinsteadkeepbreakingdownintosmallerpieceswhilestillre
7、mainingplastic.Fishandothermarinelifeeatthesetinybitsofplasticzwhichcandisruptanumberofbiologicalsystems.Someofthesefishspeciesarethenconsumedbyhumans.BecausetheGreatPacificgarbagepatchcontainssuchsmallpiecesofplastic,andmostoftheplasticisbelowthesurfaceoftheocean,itisnoteasilyvisiblewiththenakedeye
8、anditisdifficulttoestimateitssize.SomehavetheorizedthepatchisasbigasorbiggerthantheUSstateofTexas,whileothersnotethattheideaofa“patch“ofgarbageisreallyamisnomerasthereareconcentrationsoftrashthroughouttheworld/soceans.SectionE-TrashfromotherworldregionsalsowashesupalongtheshoresofthePacificislands.K
9、amiloBeachinHawaiiisthesiteofasignificantamountofplasticthathaswashedashorefromtheGreatPacificgarbagepatch,somuchsothattheareahasbeennicknamedzzPIasticBeach”.Thoughtheshorelinelookssandy,90percentofitisactuallybitsofplasticandyouwouldhavetodigdownatleastonefoottoreachgrainsofsand.Plastictrashlitters
10、manyoftheshorelinesofthePacificislands,presentingahazardformarinelifeandamanagementandcleanupchallengesincedebrisoftencomesfromthousandsofmilesaway.QD国IELTSADVANTAGEMatching HeadingsSectionF-Itischangesinglobalclimate,howevethatposethemostsevereenvironmentalthreattoOceania.Formanyoftheworldsregions,
11、changesinclimateareviewedashypothetical.Hurricanesmightincreaseinintensity.Theriskoffiremightincrease.ChangesinbirdmigrationsinEuropeandNorthAmericatoshiftsinglobalfishstockshavealreadybeenlinkedtoincreasesinglobaltemperaturebutwithlittledirecteffectonthehumanpopulationsoftheseregions.InOceania,thou
12、gh,smallincreasesintemperatureandoceanlevelscouldhavedisastrouseffectsonalreadyfragileecosystemsandeconomies.TheGreatBarrierReefiscurrentlyexperiencingperiodsofcoralbleachingduetoincreasingoceantemperatures.Whenwatersgettoowarm,coralexperience“stress“andexpeltheCoIorfULalgae-likeorganismsthatlivewit
13、hinthem.Masscoralbleachinghasoccurredseveraltimessincethelate1990sandisexpectedtobecomearegularoccurrenceasoceantemperaturescontinuetorise.CoralbleachinghasalsobeendocumentedinotherreefszincludingonesinHawaii.SomeoftheleadersofthePacificislandshavebeenamongthemostvocalchampionsforglobalclimateregula
14、tions.Speakingin2015,theprimeministerofFiji,FrankBainimaramadidnotmincewords:Unlesstheworldactsdecisivelyinthecomingweekstobeginaddressingthegreatestchallengeofourage,thenthePacific,asweknowit,isdoomed/Fijihasalreadyexperiencedanincreaseininfectiousdiseasesrelatedtohighertemperatures,record-breaking
15、hightides,andhashadtorelocatecitizensduetorisingoceanlevels.TherisingoceansinthePacificandtheconcentrationsofpollutionfoundinthisregionarestarkremindersofourinterconnectedworld.Inmanyways,thefutureofOceaniawillbedecidedbytheactionsofglobalcitizensandleaders.Source:https:SOeiellSCi.libretexts.orq/BOo
16、kSheIVeS/Geography(HUman)/Book%3AVvbReqiOnalGeoqraphy(FinIaySon)10%3AOCeCmicl10.05%3ATheChemqinqLCmdSCeIPBOfOCeCmielMatchingHeadingsQuestions20-24Passage2hassixsectionslabelledA-FChoosethecorrectheadingsforSectionsB-F.ListofHeadingsi. Beachgarbagefromfarawayii. Fishconsumptioniii. Howpollutionfromou
17、tsideOceaniareachestheregioniv. Hypothesizingchangev. Theeffectofhumanmigrationontheregionvi. Theextentoftheplasticproblemvii. TheimpactofforeignwildlifeonOceaniaviii. Theseriousdangerposedbyclimatechangei.ThespreadofTexanpollutionE.g.SectionA-v20. SectionB21. SectionC22. SectionD23. SectionE24. SectionF
