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1、美国名人现代民权运动之母罗莎帕克斯RosaParks:MotheroftheAmericanCivilRightsMovementplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-18:05repeatByNancySteinbach2005-11-19(MUSIC)VOICEONE:mPatBodnar.VOICETWO:AndmSteveEmberwithPEOPLEINAMERICAinVOASpecialEnglish.Today,wetellaboutRosaParkszwhohasbeencalledthemotheroftheAmericancivilrightsmoveme
2、nt.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:Untilthenineteensixties,blackpeopleinmanypartsoftheUnitedStatesdidnothavethesamecivilrightsaswhitepeople.LawsintheAmericanSouthkeptthetworacesseparate.Theselawsforcedblackpeopletoattendseparateschools,liveinseparateareasofacityandsitinseparateareasonabus.OnDecemberfirst,nineteenfi
3、fty-five,inthesoutherncityofMontgomery,Alabama,aforty-twoyearoldblackwomangotonacitybus.Thelawatthattimerequiredblackpeopleseatedinoneareaofthebustogiveuptheirseatstowhitepeoplewhowantedthem.Thewomanrefusedtodothisandwasarrested.ThisactofpeacefuldisobediencestartedprotestsinMontgomerythatledtolegalc
4、hangesinminorityrightsintheUnitedStates.ThewomanwhostarteditwasRosaParks.Today,wetellherstory.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:ShewasbornRosaLouiseMcCauleyinnineteen-thirteeninTuskegee,Alabama.Sheattendedlocalschoolsuntilshewaselevenyearsold.ThenshewassenttoschoolinMontgomery.Shelefthighschoolearlytocareforhersickgr
5、andmother,thentocareforhermother.Shedidnotfinishhighschooluntilshewastwenty-one.RosamarriedRaymondParksinnineteenthirty-two.Hewasabarberwhocutmenshair.Hewasalsoacivilrightsactivist.Together;theyworkedforthelocalgroupoftheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeople.Innineteenforty-three,Missu
6、sParksbecameanofficerinthegroupandlateritsyouthleader.RosaParkswasaseamstressinMontgomery.Sheworkedsewingclothesfromthenineteenthirtiesuntilnineteenfifty-five.ThenshebecamearepresentationoffreedomformillionsofAfrican-Americans.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:InmuchoftheAmericanSouthinthenineteenfifties,thefirstrows
7、ofseatsoncitybuseswereforwhitepeopleonly.Blackpeoplesatinthebackofthebus.Bothgroupscouldsitinamiddlearea.However,blackpeoplesittinginthatpartofthebuswereexpectedtoleavetheirseatsifawhitepersonwantedtositthere.RosaParksandthreeotherblackpeoplewereseatedinthemiddleareaofthebuswhenawhitepersongotontheb
8、usandwantedaseat.Thebusdriverdemandedthatallfourblackpeopleleavetheirseatssothewhitepersonwouldnothavetositnexttoanyofthem.Thethreeotherblacksgotup,butMissusParksrefused.Shewasarrested.SomepopularstoriesaboutthatincidentincludethestatementthatRosaParksrefusedtoleaveherseatbecauseherfeetweretired.But
9、sheherselfsaidinlateryearsthatthiswasfalse.WhatshewasreallytiredOfshesaid,wasacceptingunequaltreatment.Sheexplainedlaterthatthisseemedtobetheplaceforhertostopbeingpushedaroundandtofindoutwhathumanrightsshehad,ifany.VOICETWO:AgroupofblackactivistwomeninMontgomerywasknownastheWomensPoliticalCouncil.Th
10、egroupwasworkingtoopposethemistreatmentofblackbuspassengers.Blackshadbeenarrestedandevenkilledforviolatingordersfrombusdrivers.RosaParkswasnotthefirstblackpersontorefusetogiveupaseatonthebusforawhiteperson.ButblackgroupsinMontgomeryconsideredhertobetherightcitizenaroundwhomtobuildaprotestbecauseshew
11、asoneofthefinestcitizensofthecity.ThewomensgroupimmediatelycalledforallblacksinthecitytorefusetorideoncitybusesonthedayofMissusParksstrial,Monday,Decemberfifth.Theresultwasthatfortythousandpeoplewalkedandusedothertransportationonthatday.Thatnight,atmeetingsthroughoutthecity,blacksinMontgomeryagreedt
12、ocontinuetoboycottthecitybusesuntiltheirmistreatmentstopped.Theyalsodemandedthatthecityhireblackbusdriversandthatanyonebepermittedtositinthemiddleofthebusandnothavetogetupforanyoneelse.VOICEONE:TheMontgomerybusboycottcontinuedforthreehundredeighty-onedays.ItwasledbylocalblackleaderE.D.Nixonandayoung
13、blackminister;MartinLutherKing,Junior.Similarprotestswereheldinothersoutherncities.Finally,theSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesruledonMissusParksscase.Itmaderacialseparationillegaloncitybuses.ThatdecisioncameonNovemberthirteenth,nineteenfifty-six,almostayearafterMissusParkssarrest.TheboycottinMontgomery
14、endedthedayafterthecourtorderarrived,Decembertwentieth.RosaParksandMartinLutherKing,Juniorhadstartedamovementofnon-violentprotestintheSouth.ThatmovementchangedcivilrightsintheUnitedStatesforever.MartinLutherKingbecameitsfamousspokesman,buthedidnotlivetoseemanyoftheresultsofhiswork.RosaParksdid.(MUSI
15、C)VOICETWO:1.ifebecameincreasinglydifficultforRosaParksandherfamilyafterthebusboycott.Shewasdismissedfromherjobandcouldnotfindanother.SotheParksfamilyleftMontgomery.TheymovedfirsttoVirginia,thentoDetroit,Michigan.MissusParksworkedasaseamstressuntilnineteensixty-five.Then,MichiganRepresentativeJohnCo
16、nyersgaveherajobworkinginhiscongressionalofficeinDetroit.Sheretiredfromthatjobinnineteeneighty-eight.Throughtheyears,RosaParkscontinuedtoworkfortheNAACPandappearedatcivilrightsevents.Shewasaquietwomanandoftenseemeduneasywithherfame.Butshesaidthatshewantedtohelppeople,especiallyyoungpeople,tomakeusef
17、ullivesforthemselvesandtohelpothers.Innineteeneighty-sevenzshefoundedtheRosaandRaymondParksInstituteforSelf-Developmenttoimprovethelivesofblackchildren.RosaParksreceivedtwoofthenationshighesthonorsforhercivilrightsactivism.Innineteenninety-six,PresidentClintonhonoredherwiththePresidentialMedalofFree
18、dom.Andinnineteenninety-nine,shereceivedtheCongressionalGoldMedalofHonor.VOICEONE:Inherlateryears,RosaParkswasoftenaskedhowmuchrelationsbetweentheraceshadimprovedsincethecivilrightslawswerepassedinthenineteensixties.Shethoughttherewasstillalongwaytogo.Yetsheremainedthefaceofthemovementforracialequal
19、ityintheUnitedStates.RosaParksdiedonOctobertwenty-fourth,twothousandfive.Shewasninety-twoyearsold.HerbodylayinhonorintheUnitedStatesCapitolbuildinginWashington.ShewasthefirstAmericanwomantobesohonored.Thirtythousandpeoplewalkedsilentlypastherbodytoshowtheirrespect.RepresentativeConyersspokeaboutwhat
20、thiswomanofquietstrengthmeanttothenation.Hesaid:Thereareveryfewpeoplewhocansaytheiractionsandconductchangedthefaceofthenation.RosaParksisoneofthoseindividuals.VOICETWO:RosaParksmeantalottomanyAmericans.FourthousandpeopleattendedherfuneralinDetroit,Michigan.AmongthemwereformerPresidentBillClinton,his
21、wifeSenatorHillaryRodhamClinton,theReverendJesseJacksonzandNationofIslamleaderLouisFarrakhan.PresidentClintonspokeaboutrememberingtheseparationoftheracesonbusesintheSouthwhenhewasaboy.HesaidthatRosaParkshelpedtosetallAmericansfree.Hesaidtheworldknowsofherbecauseofasingleactofbraverythatstruckadeadly
22、blowtoracialhatred.Earlier,thereligiousofficialoftheUnitedStatesSenatespokeaboutheratamemorialserviceinWashington.HesaidRosaParkssbraveryservesasanexampleofthepowerofsmallacts.AndtheReverendJesseJacksoncommentedinastatementaboutwhathersmallactofbraverymeantforAfrican-Americanpeople.Hesaidthatonthatbusinnineteenfifty-five,Shesatdowninorderthatwemightstandupandsheopenedthedoorsonthelongjourneytofreedom.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:ThisprogramwaswrittenbyNancySteinbach.ItwasproducedbyLawanDavis.mPatBodnar.VOICETWO:AndmSteveEmber.JoinusagainnextweekforanotherPeopleinAmericaprogramontheVoiceofAmerica.
